Imbere y’uko indwara zikuraho indwara zishika miliyaridi 3 canke zirenga, ico giti carafashije kwubaka Amerika y’indwara. Kugira ngo dusubire kuronka ubuninahazwa bwabo bwatakaye, twoshobora gukenera kwakira no gusanura kamere.
Hari igihe mu 1989, Herbert Darling yarahamagawe: Umuhigi umwe yamubwiye ko yahuye n’igiti kirekire c’umuberoshi co muri Amerika ku butaka bwa Darling mu kiyaya ca Zor mu burengero bwa New York. Darling yari azi ko ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyari vyarabaye kimwe mu biti bihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose vyo muri ako karere. Yari azi kandi yuko igikoko cica cari hafi gukuraho ubwo bwoko mu myaka irenga ijana n’igice. Amaze kwumva raporo y’uwo muhigi y’uko yabonye igiti c’umusukoni kizima, umutwe w’ico giti c’umusukoni wari ufise uburebure bw’amafuti abiri, ugashika ku nyubakwa y’amagorofa atanu, aca arabikekeranya. Darling ati: “Sinzi neza nimba nemera ko azi ico ari co.
Igihe Darling yaronka ico giti, vyari nk’aho yoba ariko araba umuntu wo mu migani. Yavuze ati: “Vyari bigororotse cane kandi bitunganye gukora ikigereranyo-vyari vyiza cane.” Ariko Darling na we abona ko ico giti kiriko kirapfa. Kuva mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1900, ryarashikiwe n’ico kiza nyene, kikaba kigereranywa ko cahitanye abantu amamiliyaridi 3 canke barenga kubera izo ndwara. Iyi ni yo ndwara ya mbere iterwa n’abantu, ahanini isenya ibiti mu mateka ya none. Darling aca yiyumvira, iyo adashobora gukiza ico giti, nibura yokiza imbuto zaco. Hariho ingorane imwe gusa: igiti ntaco gikora kuko nta bindi biti vy’imiberoshi biri hafi bishobora kugitera imbuto.
Darling ni injeniyeri akoresha uburyo bw’injeniyeri mu gutorera umuti ingorane. Mu kwezi kwa Ruheshi kwakurikiye, igihe amashurwe y’umuhondo w’agahama yari asasaye ku gipfukisho c’icatsi kibisi c’ico giti, Darling yuzuza amasasu y’amasasu n’ifu y’amasasu, iyo mpumuro yari yakuwe mu mashurwe y’igitsina-gabo y’ikindi giti c’umukara yari yize, aca atwara imodoka aja mu buraruko. Vyatwaye isaha n’igice. Yarashe ico giti ari mu ndege yakodesheje. (Afise ishirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi ryiza cane rishobora gutanga amahera menshi cane.) Ico kigoro nticashoboye. Umwaka wakurikiyeho, Darling yarasubiye kugerageza. Ico gihe, we n’umuhungu wiwe barakwegereye iyo nkoko bayijana ku biti vy’imiberoshi vyari hejuru y’umusozi, maze bubaka ikibanza c’amafuti 80 mu ndwi zirenga zibiri. Mukunzi wanje yaraduze ku gisenge, akaraba amashurwe n’ayo mashurwe ameze nk’inzoka ku kindi giti c’umuberoshi.
Muri iyo mpera z’umwaka, amashami y’igiti ca Darling yaravyaye amahwa yuzuye amahwa y’icatsi kibisi. Ayo mahwa yari manini cane kandi asongoye ku buryo umuntu yoshobora kwihenda ko ari amahwa y’ibiti vyitwa cactus. Ivyimburwa si vyinshi, hariho nk’intete 100, ariko Darling yarateye zimwe kandi ashiraho icizigiro. We n’umugenzi wiwe barashikirije kandi Charles Maynard na William Powell, abahinga babiri mu vy’ivy’ivyaduka vy’ibiti bo muri kaminuza ya Leta y’i New York, mw’ishure ry’ubuhinga bw’ibidukikije n’amashamba ry’i Syracuse (Chuck na Bill barapfuye). Vuba aha baratanguye umugambi wo gukora ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’ibiti vy’imiberoshi ng’aho. Darling yarabahaye ibitoke vy’umukara, abaza abo bahinga nimba bobikoresha kugira ngo babigarure. Darling ati: “Ivyo bisa n’ikintu gikomeye cane.” “Iburasirazuba bwose bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.” Ariko rero, haciye imyaka mikeyi, igiti ciwe bwite carapfuye.
Kuva Abanyaburaya batangura kwibera muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, inkuru yerekeye amashamba yo muri iyo ntara ahanini yaratakaje. Ariko rero, iciyumviro ca Darling ubu kibonwa na benshi ko ari kimwe mu bihe vyiza vyo gutangura gusubiramwo iyo nkuru – mu ntango z’uyu mwaka, ishirahamwe ry’ubugiraneza ryitwa Templeton World Charity Foundation ryashizeho umugambi wa Maynard na Powell Uwo mugambi waratanze igice kinini c’amateka yawo, kandi ico gikorwa carashoboye gusenyura igikorwa gitoyi catwaye amadolari arenga miliyoni 300.000. Ni yo ngabirano nini kuruta izindi zose zatanzwe kuri kaminuza. Ubushakashatsi bw’abahinga mu vy’ivy’uruvyaro burahatira abahinga mu vy’ibidukikije guhangana n’ico cizigiro mu buryo bushasha kandi rimwe na rimwe butameze neza, yuko gusanura isi kavukire bidasobanura vy’ukuri gusubira mw’itongo rya Edeni ritagiramwo ikibazo. Ahubwo vyoshobora gusobanura kwakira uruhara twafashe: injeniyeri w’ibintu vyose harimwo n’ibidukikije.
Amababi y’igiti c’umuberoshi ni maremare kandi afise amenyo, kandi asa n’utugingo ngengabuzima tubiri dutoduto tw’icatsi kibisi dufatanye inyuma n’inyuma ku mutsi wo hagati w’ibabi. Ku mpera imwe, amababi abiri ahuye n’uruti. Ku rundi ruhande, zikora umutwe utyaye, akenshi ukaba upfutse ku ruhande. Ico gishushanyo kitari citezwe gica mu binogo vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye n’ivy’umusenyi bicereje biri mw’ishamba, kandi ivyiyumviro bidasanzwe vy’abatembera vyavyura umutima w’abantu, bikaba bibutsa urugendo bagize mw’ishamba ryari risanzwe rifise ibiti vyinshi bikomeye.
Ivyo biti ni vyo vyonyene dushobora gutahura neza biciye ku bitabu no ku kwibuka. Lucille Griffin, umuyobozi mukuru w’ishirahamwe ryitwa American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, yigeze kwandika yuko ng’aho uzobona amashurwe y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi ari menshi cane ku buryo mu mpera z’umwaka, amashurwe y’umukara kandi ateye umurongo ari ku giti “nk’Imiraba y’amafu yamanuka ku musozi”, ivyo bikaba bituma sogokuru yibuka ivyo yari afise. Mu mpera z’umwaka, ico giti kizosubira guturika, ico gihe kikaba kizoba gifise amabara y’ibitoke atwikira uburyohe. Thoreau w’umunyamwete yanditse mu gitabu “Walden” ati: “Igihe ivyamwa vy’umukara vyari vyeze, nararundanya igice c’imbuto mu rushana.” “Muri ico kiringo, vyari biteye umunezero cane kugendagenda mw’ishamba ry’ibiti vy’imiberoshi ritagira iherezo ry’i Lincoln ico gihe.”
Ivyatsi vy’umukara ni ivyo kwizigirwa cane. Ibiti vy’imiberoshi bitandukanye n’ibiti vy’imiberoshi bitera gusa amakonko mu myaka mikeyi, ibiti vy’imiberoshi biratanga ivyamwa vyinshi vy’intete buri mpera z’umwaka. Ivyamwa vy’umukara na vyo nyene biroroshe gufata: urashobora kubisekura ukarya ivyamwa bitagiramwo ibinure. (Gerageza gukoresha amakonko y’ibitoke vy’ibitoke vyinshi-canke ntubikore.) Abantu bose barya ibitoke vy’ibitoke: imbwebwe, inzoka, idubu, inyoni, umuntu. Abarimyi bararekura ingurube zabo, bagaca baronka ibinure mw’ishamba. Mu kiringo ca Noweli, amagariyamoshi yuzuye ibiti vy’imiberoshi yarava mu misozi aja mu gisagara. Egome, baraturiwe vy’ukuri n’umuriro w’umuriro. William L. Bray, umuyobozi wa mbere w’ishure Maynard na Powell baciye bakoreramwo, yavuze ati: “Bivugwa yuko mu turere tumwetumwe, abarimyi baronka amahera menshi mu kugurisha ibitoke vy’umukara kuruta ibindi vyose biva mu buhinzi.” Yanditswe mu 1915. Ni igiti c’abantu, vyinshi muri vyo bimera mw’ishamba.
Iratanga kandi ibirenze ivyo kurya gusa. Ibiti vy’imiberoshi birashobora gushika ku metero 120, kandi metero 50 za mbere ntizihungabanywa n’amashami canke amapfundo. Iyi ni yo ndoto y’abacuzi b’ibiti. Naho atari co giti ciza kuruta ibindi vyose canke gikomeye kuruta ibindi vyose, kirakura ningoga cane cane iyo gisubiye kumera kimaze gutemwa kandi ntikibore. Uko uburemere bw’amabohero y’ibarabara ry’igariyamoshi be n’inkingi za telefone bwarengeye ubwiza, Chestnut yarafashije mu kwubaka Amerika yari iteye imbere. Ibihumbi vy’ibiraro, amazu y’ivyatsi n’amashengero akozwe mu biti vy’imiberoshi biracariho; umwanditsi umwe mu 1915 yagereranyije yuko ubwo ari bwo bwoko bw’igiti bwatemwa cane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Mu bice vyinshi vyo mu buseruko-ibiti biva i Mississippi gushika i Maine, no kuva ku nkengera y’ikiyaga ca Atalantika gushika ku ruzi Mississippi-ibiti vy’imiberoshi na vyo nyene ni kimwe muri vyo. Ariko mu misozi ya Appalachie, cari igiti kinini cane. Kuri iyo misozi hari amamiliyaridi y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi biba.
Birabereye ko Fusarium wilt yabonetse ubwa mbere i New York, ari ryo rembo ry’Abanyamerika benshi. Mu 1904, hari indwara idasanzwe yabonetse ku gishishwa c’igiti c’umuberoshi cari mu kaga ko kuzimangana mu kibanza c’ibikoko co mu gisagara ca Bronx. Abashakashatsi baciye bamenya ningoga yuko igikoko catera indwara y’ibicurane (caje kwitwa Cryphonectria parasitica) cashitse ku biti vy’Abayapani vyazanywe mu mahanga kuva mu 1876. (Akenshi haba igihe gica hagati y’aho ubwoko bumwe bushitse n’aho umuntu abona ingorane zigaragara.)
Bidatevye abantu bo mu bihugu bitari bike baramenyesheje ko ibiti biriko birapfa. Mu 1906, William A. Murrill, umuhinga mu vy’ibikoko wo mw’itongo ry’ibimera ryo muri New York, yarasohoye ingingo ya mbere yerekeye iyo ndwara. Muriel yerekanye yuko ico gikoko gitera ibivyimba vy’umuhondo n’umuhondo ku gishishwa c’igiti c’umukaraba, ivyo bikaba bituma amaherezo gisukura hirya no hino y’igiti c’umukaraba. Igihe ingaburo n’amazi bitazoba bigishobora gutemba hejuru no hasi mu bihimba vy’igishishwa biri munsi y’igishishwa, ikintu cose kiri hejuru y’uruzitiro rw’urupfu kizopfa.
Abantu bamwe ntibashobora kwiyumvira-canke ntibashaka ko abandi biyumvira-igiti kizimangana mw’ishamba. Mu 1911, ishirahamwe ry’abana bato ryitwa Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm ryo muri Pennsylvanie, ryemera yuko iyo ndwara “yari ikintu kirenze ubwoba gusa.” Kubaho kw’igihe kirekire kw’abanyamakuru batagira inshingano. Iryo tongo ryarafunzwe mu 1913. Haciye imyaka ibiri, Pennsylvania yahamagaye komite y’ingwara y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi, yemerewe gukoresha amadolari y’Amerika 275.000 (amahera menshi cane ico gihe), maze itangaza ububasha bwo gufata ingingo zo kurwanya ubwo bubabare, harimwo n’uburenganzira bwo gusenyura ibiti vy’abantu ku giti cabo. Abahinga mu vy’indwara barasaba gukuraho ibiti vyose vy’imiberoshi biri mu bilometero bikeyi uvuye imbere y’indwara nyamukuru kugira ngo bigire ingaruka zo kwirinda umuriro. Ariko biragaragara ko ico gikoko gishobora gusimbukira ku biti bitanduye, kandi ivyatsi vyaco bikanduzwa n’umuyaga, inyoni, udukoko n’abantu. Uwo mugambi warahebwe.
Mu 1940, hafi nta bimera bininibinini vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyari vyanduye. Muri iki gihe, agaciro k’amamiliyaridi y’amadolari karazimanganye. Kubera ko fusarium wilt idashobora kubaho mw’ivu, imizi y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi irabandanya gukura, kandi irenga imiliyoni 400 muri yo iracari mw’ishamba. Ariko rero, Fusarium wilt yararonse ikigega mu giti c’umuberoshi aho yaba ataco yononekaye cane ku muntu yakira. Iva ng’aho, irakwiragira ningoga ku bihimba bishasha vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi maze ikabitera hasi, akenshi bikaba bishika kera cane imbere y’uko bishika mu gihe c’amashurwe.
Inganda zikora ibiti zaronse ubundi buryo: igiti c’umuberoshi, igiti c’umuberoshi, igiti c’umuberoshi n’ivu. Ivyo gukora ibara ry’urukoba, ari ryo ry’iyindi nganda ikomeye yizigira ibiti vy’imiberoshi, ryahindukiye rikoresha ibikoresho vy’ibara ry’urukoba bikoreshwa n’abantu. Ku barimyi benshi bakenye, ntaco bohindura: nta kindi giti c’imvukira giha abarimyi n’ibitungwa vyabo ama calories n’ama proteine ​​ku buntu, vyizigirwa kandi vyinshi. Birashobora kuvugwa ko igikoko c’ibitoke citwa chestnut gihagarika umugenzo usanzwe w’uburimyi bwo kwitunga bw’abanya Appalachian, bigatuma abantu bo muri ako karere bagira amahitamwo agaragara: kuja mu ruganda rw’amakara canke kwimuka. Umuhinga mu vya kahise yitwa Donald Davis yanditse mu 2005 ati: “Kubera urupfu rw’ibiti vy’imiberoshi, isi yose yarapfuye, ivyo bikaba bikuraho imigenzo yo kurokoka yariho mu misozi ya Appalachie mu binjana birenga bine.”
Powell yakuriye kure cane y’i Appalachie be n’iy’ibara ry’agahama. Se wiwe yari mu ngabo z’ikirere, aca yimukira mu muryango wiwe: Indiana, Floride, Ubudage, no ku nkengera y’ikiyaga co mu buseruko bwa Maryland. Naho yamaze igihe kirekire i New York, insiguro ziwe zagumye zivuga ata gufyina abantu bo mu Burengero Bushira Uburengero be n’ukuntu abantu bo mu Bumanuko bavuga ibintu ataco bihisha ariko bigaragara. Inyifato yiwe yoroshe n’uburyo bworoshe bwo kudoda birahuza, bikaba vyerekana jeans zifise amashati asa n’atagira iherezo. Inyuguti akunda cane ni “wow”.
Powell afise umugambi wo kuba umuganga w’ibikoko gushika umwigisha w’ivy’ivyaduka amusezeraniye icizigiro c’uburimyi bushasha kandi bufise ivyatsi bitotahaye bushingiye ku bimera vyahinduwe mu vy’ivyaduka bishobora kwironsa ubushobozi bwavyo bwo kwirinda udukoko n’ingwara. “Naciye nibwira nti, wow, si vyiza gukora ibiterwa bishobora kwikingira ibikoko, kandi ntubwirizwa kubifumbishako imiti n’imwe?” Powell ni ko yavuze. “Ego ni ko, isi yose ntikurikiza iciyumviro kimwe.”
Igihe Powell yashika mw’ishure ryisumbuye rya kaminuza ya Utah State mu 1983, ntivyari bimubabaje. Ariko rero, vyabaye ngombwa ko yinjira mu laboratwari y’umuhinga mu vy’ibinyabuzima, kandi yariko arakora ku mugera ushobora gutuma igikoko citwa blight kigoyagoya. Ivyo bagerageje gukoresha uwo mugera ntivyagenze neza cane: ntivyakwiragira ku giti kija ku kindi ubwavyo, ni co gituma vyategerezwa guhindurwa ku bwoko bw’ibiherere ku mubiri amajana n’amajana. Naho vyari ukwo, Powell yarashimishijwe n’inkuru y’igiti kinini caguye hasi, aca atanga umuti wo mu vya siyansi wo gutorera umuti amakosa ateye agahinda akozwe n’abantu. Yavuze ati: “Kubera ko ibintu vyacu vyari bigendagenda kw’isi yose vyari bicungiwe nabi, twarazanye mu mpanuka ibintu bitera indwara.” "Naciye nibwira nti: Wow, ibi biraryoshe. Hari amahirwe yo kubigarura."
Powell si we ya mbere yagerageje gukuraho ibihombo. Inyuma y’aho bigaragariye ko ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyo muri Amerika vyari bizobura, ishirahamwe ry’abanyamerika ryitwa USDA ryagerageje gutera ibiti vy’imiberoshi vy’Abashinwa, ari vyo bihimba vy’umubiri bishobora guhangana n’ugubora, kugira ngo bimenye nimba ubwo bwoko bushobora gusubirira ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyo muri Amerika. Ariko rero, ibiti vy’imiberoshi bikura cane hanze, kandi bisa cane n’ibiti vy’ivyamwa kuruta ibiti vy’ivyamwa. Bari bacitse intege cane mw’ishamba n’ibiti vy’imiberoshi be n’ibindi bikoko bininibinini vyo muri Amerika. Ukukura kwavyo kurazibirwa, canke bigapfa gusa. Abanyasiyansi baragerageje kandi kuvyara hamwe ibiti vy’imiberoshi biva muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bushinwa, bizigiye ko bovyara igiti gifise ibiranga ivyo biti vyose bibiri. Utwigoro twa leta ntitwacitse intege, maze turaheba.
Powell yarangije akora muri kaminuza ya Leta y’i New York mw’ishure ry’ubuhinga bw’ibidukikije n’amashamba, aho yahuriye na Chuck Maynard, umuhinga mu vy’ivy’ivyaduka yateye ibiti muri iyo laboratwari. Haciye imyaka mikeyi gusa, abahinga bararemye igihimba ca mbere c’ibimera cahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’uruvyaro-bongerako uruvyaro rutuma itabi rishobora guhangana n’imiti irwanya imigera kugira ngo bakoreshe mu vyerekanwa vy’ubuhinga aho gukoresha mu vy’ubudandaji. Maynard (Maynard) yaratanguye gukorana n’ubuhinga bushasha, mu gihe yariko ararondera ubuhinga ngirakamaro bujanye n’ubwo buhinga. Iciyo gihe, Darling yari afise imbuto zimwe zimwe be n’ingorane: gusanura ibiti vy’imiberoshi vy’Abanyamerika.
Mu myaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi y’imigenzo y’ubworozi bw’ibiterwa, abarimyi (n’abahinga baheruka) barajabutse ubwoko bufise kamere zikenewe. Hanyuma, ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri biravangwa hamwe mu buryo busanzwe, maze abantu bagahitamwo ivyiza bivangwa kugira ngo bibe vyiza kuruta-ivyamwa binini, biryoshe cane canke bishobora guhangana n’ingwara. Kenshi, bisaba amayaruka menshi kugira ngo umuntu akore ikintu. Ivyo bigenda buhoro kandi biratera urujijo gatoyi. Darling yaribajije nimba ubwo buryo bwotuma habaho igiti ciza nk’ico kamere yiwe y’ishamba. Yambwiye ati: “Niyumvira ko twoshobora gukora neza kuruta.”
Injeniyeri y'ivy'uruvyaro bisigura kugenzura cane: naho uruvyaro rwihariye rwova mu bwoko butafitaniye isano, rushobora gutorwa kubera intumbero yihariye maze rwinjizwa mu genome y'ikindi kinyabuzima. (Ibinyabuzima bifise utugingo ngengabuzima tuva mu bwoko butandukanye ‘birahindurwa.’ Vuba aha, abahinga barateguye ubuhinga bwo guhindura ata guca ku ruhande utugingo ngengabuzima tw’ibinyabuzima bigenewe.) Ubwo buhinga burasezerana ko buzokora ibintu mu buryo butagiramwo uburyarya kandi bukaba bwihuta cane. Powell abona ko ivyo bisa n’ibibereye cane ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyo muri Amerika, ivyo yita “ibiti hafi bitunganye”-bikomeye, birebire, kandi bifise ibifungurwa vyinshi, bisaba gusa gukosorwa gutomoye cane: guhangana n’indwara y’imigera.
Mukunzi wemera. Yavuze ati: “Tubwirizwa kugira abahinga mu bucuruzi bwacu.” “Kuva ku kwubaka gushika ku kwubaka ivyo ni ubwoko gusa bw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.”
Powell na Maynard bagereranya yuko bishobora gutwara imyaka cumi kugira ngo umuntu aronke izo ntungamubiri zituma umuntu agira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya iyo ndwara, akagira ubuhinga bwo kuzongera ku ntungamubiri zituma umuntu agira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya iyo ndwara, hanyuma akazikura. Powell ati: “Turiko turateba gusa. "Nta n'umwe afise uruvyaro rwo kurwanya ibiherere ku mubiri. Mu vy'ukuri twatanguye mu kibanza ata co kimaze."
Darling yarondeye infashanyo n’ishirahamwe ryitwa American Chestnut Foundation, ishirahamwe ritagira inyungu ryashinzwe mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1980. Umurongozi wayo yamubwiye ko mu bisanzwe yari yazimiye. Biyemeje gukorana n’ibindi bikoko kandi baguma bari maso ku bijanye n’uguhindura ivy’uruvyaro, ivyo bikaba vyatumye abahinga mu vy’ibidukikije babirwanya. Ni co gituma Darling yashinze ishirahamwe ryiwe ritagira inyungu kugira ngo rifashe mu guteza imbere ibikorwa vyo guhindura ivy’uruvyaro. Powell yavuze ko iryo shirahamwe ryandikiye Maynard na Powell sheki ya mbere y’amadolari 30.000. (Mu 1990, ishirahamwe ry’igihugu ryarahinduye maze ryemera ko umugwi w’aba Darling wikukira ari wo ishami rya mbere ry’igihugu, mugabo bamwe mu bagize ishirahamwe bari bakikekeranya canke banka rwose ivy’ubuhinga bwo guhindura ivy’uruvyaro.)
Maynard na Powell bari ku kazi. Hafi ubwo nyene, urutonde rw’igihe bari bagereranya rwagaragaye ko rutari rwo. Intambamyi ya mbere ni ukumenya ingene borima ivyatsi vy’umukara mu laboratwari. Maynard yaragerageje kuvanga amababi y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi n’imiti y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi mu gitereko c’ipulasitike c’ikibumbano kitagira igitutu, uburyo bukoreshwa mu gukura ibiti vy’imiberoshi. Bica bigaragara ko ivyo bidashoboka. Ibiti bishasha ntibizokura imizi n’imitumba biva ku ngingo zidasanzwe. Maynard yavuze ati: “Ndi indongozi kw’isi yose mu kwica ibiti vy’imiberoshi.” Umushakashatsi wo muri kaminuza ya Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) amaherezo yigishije Maynard ingene yova mu gutera ivyatsi akaja mu gutera ivyatsi bikurikira mu ntango mu gihe c’iterambere.
Kuronka uruvyaro rwiza-igikorwa ca Powell-na vyo nyene vyagaragaye ko ari urugamba. Yamaze imyaka myinshi akora ubushakashatsi ku muti urwanya imigera ushingiye ku ntungamubiri z’ibikere, ariko araheba uwo muti kubera amaganya y’uko abantu bose boshobora kutemera ibiti birimwo ibikere. Yararondeye kandi uruvyaro rwo kurwanya imigera y’ibitoke, ariko asanga gukingira ico giti birimwo uruvyaro rwinshi (bamenye n’imiburiburi rutandatu). Hanyuma mu 1997, uwo twakorana yaragarutse avuye mu nama y’abahinga, aca atanga urutonde rw’insiguro y’insiguro n’ivyo azoshikiriza. Powell yaravuze umutwe uvuga ngo “Uguserura oxalate oxidase mu bimera vyahinduwe bitanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya oxalate n’ibiherere ku mubiri bitera oxalate”. Powell yakoresheje ubushakashatsi bwiwe ku migera, yari azi ko ibiherere ku mubiri bitanga aside oxalique kugira ngo bice igishishwa c’ibitoke vy’umukara kandi bibe vyoroshe gufata mu mubiri. Powell yarabonye yuko nimba igiti c’umukaraba gishobora kwigiramwo oxalate oxidase (iyindi poroteyine idasanzwe ishobora gusenyura oxalate), rero coshobora kwikingira. Yavuze ati: “Ico cari igihe canje co gukina Eureka.”
Bica bigaragara ko ibiterwa vyinshi bifise uruvyaro rutuma bishobora guhingura umuti witwa oxalate oxidase. Ku mushakashatsi yatanze iyo nsiguro, Powell yararonse uburyo butandukanye bw’ingano. Umunyeshure w’umuhinga yitwa Linda Polin McGuigan yarateye imbere mu buhinga bwa “gene gun” kugira ngo ashobore gutera ivyatsi mu ntango z’ibiti vy’imiberoshi, yizigiye ko bishobora kwinjira muri ADN y’urwo rusoro. Uwo mugera waragumye mu rusoro mu gihe gito, ariko hanyuma urazimangana. Iryo tsinda ry’abashakashatsi ryarahevye ubwo buryo maze rihindukira rikoresha umugera wari warateguye kera cane uburyo bwo guca ADN y’ibindi binyabuzima maze ukawushiramwo ivyiyumviro vyavyo. Mu kameremere, utunyabugingo dutoduto twongerako utugingo ngengabuzima duhatira uwo twakira gukora ivyokurya vy’imigera. Abahinga mu vy’ivy’uruvyaro barateye iyo migera kugira ngo ishobore kwinjiza uruvyaro urwo ari rwo rwose uwo munyasiyansi ashaka. McGuigan yararonse ubushobozi bwo kwongera mu buryo bwizigirwa utugingo ngengabuzima tw’ingano be n’utugingo ngengabuzima tw’ibimenyetso ku nsoro z’igiti c’umukaraba. Iyo iyo poroteyine ikoresheje igikoresho citwa microscope, iyo poroteyine izotanga umuco w’icatsi kibisi, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko yinjijwe neza. (Iryo tsinda ryaciye rihagarika gukoresha poroteyine zigaragaza ibimenyetso-nta n’umwe yashaka igiti gishobora kwaka.) Maynard yise ubwo buryo “ikintu giteye igomwe kuruta ibindi vyose kw’isi.”
Haciye igihe, Maynard na Powell bubatse umurongo wo gukoranya ivyuma vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi, ubu ukaba ugera ku magorofa menshi y’inyubakwa nziza cane y’ubushakashatsi ku mashyamba y’amatafari n’amabuye yo mu myaka ya 1960, be n’inyubakwa nshasha y’ibara ry’agahama yitwa “Biotech Accelerator” iri hanze y’ishure. Ivyo bibanza guhitamwo insoro zimera zivuye mu ngingo zisa n’izo (insoro nyinshi zikozwe mu laboratwari ntizibikora, rero nta co bimaze guhingura ivyamwa vy’ingano) hanyuma bagashiramwo ivyamwa vy’ingano. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’urusoro, nka agar, ni ikintu kimeze nk’impuzu gikuwe mu bimera vy’ibitoke. Kugira ngo abo bashakashatsi bahindure urusoro rube igiti, bongeyeko umuti utuma umuntu akura. Amajana n’amajana y’ibikoresho vy’ipulasitike bifise ishusho y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi bifise utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto tutagira imizi, birashobora gushirwa ku ruhande rw’itara rikomeye ry’umuco. Ubwa nyuma, abo bahinga barashizeko umuti wo gutera imizi, batera ibiti vyabo vy’intango mu nkono zuzuye ubutaka, hanyuma babishira mu cumba co gukuramwo ibiti bigenzurwa n’ubushuhe. Ntibitangaje rero kubona ibiti biri muri laboratwari biri mu mimerere mibi hanze. Ku bw’ivyo, abo bashakashatsi barabifatanya n’ibiti vyo mw’ishamba kugira ngo bavemwo ibiti bikomeye cane ariko biguma bikomeye kugira ngo bigeragezwe mu mirima.
Haciye imyaka ibiri mu ci, Hannah Pilkey, umunyeshure w’umuhinga mu vy’ubuhinga bwa none mu laboratwari ya Powell, yanyeretse ingene ivyo nobikora. Yarimye igikoko gitera indwara y’ibicurane mu gasorori gatoyi k’ipulasitike. Muri iyo nzira yugarijwe, iyo ndwara y’umuhondo w’agahama isa n’iyitagira ingaruka mbi kandi hafi y’uko ari nziza. Biragoye kwiyumvira ko ari yo ituma abantu benshi bapfa n’ugutikizwa.
Ico gikoko cari hasi carapfukamye hasi, kigashira ikimenyetso ku gice c’agati gatoyi c’imilimetero zitanu, kigaca ibice bitatu vy’ukuri gikoresheje igikoresho co gucapura, kigaca gisiga igisebe ku gikomere. Yarabipfutse n’igipande c’impuzu y’ipulasitike. Yavuze ati: “Ni nk’aho ari umugozi.” Kubera ko ico ari igiti “co gucungera” kidashobora guhangana n’indwara, yitega ko iyo ndwara y’umuceri izokwiragira ningoga ivuye aho yaciwe, amaherezo igakikuza utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto. Yanyeretse ibiti bimwebimwe vyari birimwo utugingo ngengabuzima tw’ingano yari yaravura mbere. Iyo ndwara igarukira gusa ku giciro, nk’iminwa y’umuhondo y’umuhondo iri hafi y’akanwa gatoyi.
Mu mwaka w’2013, Maynard na Powell bamenyesheje ko baroraniwe mu bushakashatsi bwa Transgenic Research: Haciye imyaka 109 indwara y’ibitoke vy’i Amerika ivumbuwe, bararemye Ibiti bisa n’ibikingira, naho vyoba biterwa n’ibiherere ku mubiri vyinshi vy’ibiherere ku mubiri. Mu gutera iteka uwabahaye amahera ya mbere kandi w’umunyabuntu kuruta abandi bose, yarashizeho amadolari nka 250.000, kandi abashakashatsi bamaze kwita ibiti izina ryiwe. Ivyo vyitwa Umukunzi 58.
Inama y’umwaka y’igice ca New York c’ishirahamwe ry’abanyamerika ryitwa chestnut Foundation yabereye muri hoteli yoroshe hanze y’igisagara ca New Paltz ku musi wa gatandatu w’imvura mu kwezi kwa Gitugutu 2018. Abantu nka 50 bari bakoraniye hamwe. Iryo koraniro ryari igice c’inama y’ubuhinga, igice c’ikoraniro ry’uguhanahana amakuru y’ibitoke. Inyuma y’icumba gitoyi c’amakoraniro, abanywanyi barahanahana imifuko ya Ziploc yuzuye inkere. Iryo koraniro ryari irya mbere mu myaka 28 Darling canke Maynard bataje. Ingorane z’amagara zatumye bompi baba kure. Allen Nichols, umukuru w’iryo shirahamwe, yambwiye ati: “Ivyo twamaze igihe kirekire tubikora, kandi hafi buri mwaka turacereza ku bijanye n’abapfuye. Naho ari ukwo, abantu baracari bafise icizigiro: ico giti cahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka caraciye imyaka myinshi y’ibigeragezo bitoroshe vy’uko coba gifise umutekano be n’uko gikora neza.
Abagize ico kigabane baratanze intangamarara ido n’ido yerekeye ukuntu igiti kinini cose c’umuberoshi kiba muri Leta ya New York cari kimeze. Pilkey n’abandi banyeshure baheza amashure yisumbuye barashize ahabona ingene bokwegeranya no kubika amabara y’ibimera, ingene borima ibiti vy’imiberoshi munsi y’amatara yo mu nzu, be n’ingene bozuza ubutaka indwara y’ibitoke kugira ngo ibiti bibeho igihe kirekire. Abantu bafise igifu c’ikawa, benshi muri bo bakaba batera amagi y’ibiti vyabo kandi bakabikura, barabajije ibibazo abahinga bakiri bato.
Bowell yashize hasi, yambaye ikintu kimeze nk’impuzu idasanzwe y’iki kigabane: ishati y’izosi yihishije mu mpuzu ya jean. Ivyo akora ataco akora-akazi k’imyaka mirongo itatu gatunganijwe akikuje intumbero ya Herb Darling yo gusubira kuronka amabara y’umukara-ni gake mu bahinga bo mu mashure yisumbuye, akenshi bakora ubushakashatsi mu gihe c’imyaka itanu c’amahera, hanyuma Ivyo bihembo vyiza bishikirizwa abandi kugira ngo babigurishe. Don Leopold, uwo twakorana mu gisata ca Powell kijejwe ivy’ibidukikije be n’amashamba, yambwiye ati: “Aratahura cane kandi aragira indero.” "Arashira amabarabara. Ntasamazwa n'ibindi bintu vyinshi. Igihe ubushakashatsi bwatera imbere, abayobozi ba kaminuza ya Leta ya New York (SUNY) baramuhamagara bamusaba uburenganzira bwo gukoresha igiti ciwe kugira ngo kaminuza ishobore kuvyungukirako, ariko Powell yaranse. Yavuze ko ibiti vyahinduwe mu buryo bw'ivy'uruvyaro ari nk'ibiti vy'abantu ba kera.
Ariko yarababuriye ati: Ibiti vyahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka bimaze gutsinda intambamyi nyinshi zo mu vy’ubuhinga, ubu vyoshobora guhura n’ingorane nini kuruta izindi zose: ni Leta ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Mu ndwi nkeyi ziheze, Powell yarashikirije dosiye y’impapuro hafi 3.000 Igisata c’Uburimyi co muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ubuzima bw’ibikoko n’ibimera, kikaba ari co gijejwe kwemeza ibiterwa bihinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka. Ivyo bica bitangura igikorwa co kwemeza ikigo: gusubiramwo ikirego, gusaba abantu bose kugira ico bavuze, gutanga itangazo ry’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, gusubira gusaba abantu bose kugira ico bavuze no gufata ingingo. Ico gikorwa coshobora gutwara imyaka myinshi. Iyo ata ngingo ifashwe, uwo mugambi urashobora guhagarara. (Igihe ca mbere co gutanga ibitekerezo vya bose ntikiratangura.)
Abashakashatsi bateguye gushikiriza ibindi bisabwa ubuyobozi bw’ibifungurwa n’imiti kugira ngo bushobore kugenzura ko ibifungurwa vy’ibitoke vyahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka bifise akamaro, kandi ikigo kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije kizosubiramwo ingaruka z’ico giti ku bidukikije hakurikijwe Itegeko ry’Igihugu ryerekeye imiti y’ibikoko, rikenewe ku bimera vyose vyahinduwe mu vy’ivyaduka. ivy’ibinyabuzima. “Ivyo biragoye kuruta siyansi!” umuntu umwe mu bariko baratega yompi yaravuze.
"Egome." Powell yaravyemeye. "Siyansi iraryoshe. Irababaza." (Mu nyuma yambwiye ati: “Gugenzurwa n’ibigo bitatu bitandukanye ni ukurenga urugero. Mu vy’ukuri bica ubuhinga bushasha bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije.”)
Kugira ngo berekane ko igiti cabo kitagira ingaruka mbi, umugwi wa Powell warakoze ivyigwa bitandukanye. Bagaburira oxalate oxidase amabara y’inzuki. Bapima ukuntu ibiherere ku mubiri vy’ingirakamaro bikura mw’ivu. Basiga amababi mu mazi, baratohoza ingene agira ico akoze ku t. Nta ngaruka mbi zabonetse muri izo nyigisho-mu vy’ukuri, mu vy’ukuri, ubushobozi bw’ivyo kurya vyahinduwe mu vy’uruvyaro buraruta amababi y’ibiti bimwebimwe bitahinduwe. Abahinga bohereje izo nkoko mu kigo c’igihugu ca Oak Ridge no mu bindi bigo vyo muri Tennessee kugira ngo bazisuzume, kandi ntibabona ko zitandukanye n’izo nkoko zivuye mu biti bitahinduwe.
Mwene ivyo bishobora gusubiza umutima mu nda abajejwe ivy’amategeko. Hafi ata gukeka ko batazohoza abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abantu barwanya ibinyabuzima bihinduwe mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima. John Dougherty, umunyasiyansi yari yaragize ikiruhuko c’izabukuru wo muri Monsanto, yarahaye Powell impanuro ku buntu. Abo barwanya yabita “abarwanya.” Amashirahamwe ahagarikiye ibidukikije amaze imyaka mirongo agabisha yuko kwimurira utugingo ngengabuzima hagati y’ubwoko bufitaniye isano rya kure bizogira ingaruka zitari zo, nk’ugutuma habaho “icatsi kibi gikomeye” kirenze ibiterwa vy’ibimera, canke gushiramwo utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amahanga dushobora gutuma uwo munyamuryango agira ihinduka ribi muri ADN y’ubwo bwoko. Barahagaritse umutima kandi ko amashirahamwe akoresha ubuhinga bwo guhindura ivy’uruvyaro kugira ngo aronke uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ibintu no kugenzura ibinyabuzima.
Ubu, Powell yavuze ko ata mahera n’amwe yaronse ata guca ku ruhande avuye mu nganda, kandi yashimikiye ko ugutanga amahera kuri iyo laboratwari “ataboshe.” Ariko rero, Brenda Jo McManama, umuteguzi w’ishirahamwe ryitwa “Ishirahamwe ry’ibidukikije ry’abanyagihugu”, yerekanye amasezerano yo mu 2010 aho Monsanto yahaye ishirahamwe ryitwa Chestnut Foundation n’ishirahamwe ry’abafatanyabikorwa baryo ryitwa New York Ico kigabane cemereye uburenganzira bubiri bwo guhindura ivy’uruvyaro. (Powell yavuze ko intererano z’inganda, harimwo na Monsanto, ziri munsi ya 4% vy’umutungo wose w’ibikorwa vyayo.) McManama akeka ko Monsanto (yaronswe na Bayer mu 2018) iriko irondera mu mpisho kuronka uburenganzira bwo gukora ico giti mu gushigikira ivyo bisa n’uko ari ugusubiramwo igiti mu gihe kizoza. Umugambi w’ubwikunzi. Yavuze ata gufyina ati: “Monsan ni ikibi cose.
Powell yavuze ko uburenganzira bwo gukora ico giti mu masezerano yo mu 2010 bwaheze, kandi mu gutangaza ido n’ido ry’igiti ciwe mu bitabu vy’ubuhinga, yarabonye ko ico giti kitashobora guhabwa uburenganzira bwo gukora ico giti. Ariko yarabonye ko ivyo bitazokuraho amaganya yose. Yavuze ati: “Ndazi ko umuntu yovuga ko uri umutego gusa w’i Monsanto.” "Ushobora gukora iki? Ntaco ushobora gukora."
Haciye nk’imyaka itanu, abarongozi b’ishirahamwe ryitwa American Chestnut Foundation baciye bafata ingingo y’uko badashobora gushika ku migambi yabo biciye ku gutera ivyatsi gusa, ni co gituma bemeye porogarama ya Powell yo guhindura ivy’uruvyaro. Iyo ngingo yaratumye habaho ukutumvikana. Muri Ntwarante 2019, umukuru w'igice ca Massachusetts-Rhode Island c'iryo shirahamwe, Lois Breault-Melican, yarahevye akazi, avuga umugambi w'ubutungane kw'isi yose (umugambi w'ubutungane kw'isi yose), ishirahamwe rirwanya ubuhinga bw'imitsi y'umubiri rifise icicaro i Buffalo. Umugambi w’Ibidukikije vy’Ubutungane) imvo; umugabo wiwe Denis Melican na we nyene yaravuye muri iyo nama. Dennis yambwiye ko abo babiri bari bahagaritse umutima canecane ko ibiti vy’imiberoshi vya Powell vyoshobora kwerekana ko ari “ifarashi ya Trojan”, ivyo bikaba vyatumye ibindi biti vy’ubudandaji bishobora gukoreshwa cane biciye mu guhindura ivy’uruvyaro.
Susan Offutt, umuhinga mu vy’ubutunzi mu vy’uburimyi, ni umuyobozi w’Ishure ry’Igihugu ry’Ivya Siyansi, Ingenzi n’Ubuvuzi, ryakoze ubushakashatsi ku buhinga bwo mu mashyamba mu 2018. abarwanya GMO. “Agaciro k’imbere mw’ishamba ni akahe?” yabajije, nk’akarorero k’ingorane, iyo nzira ntiyatorera umuti. "Amashyamba yoba arafise akamaro kayo? Twoba dufise inshingano yo mu vy'inyifato runtu yo kubizirikana igihe dufata ingingo zo gufasha?"
Benshi mu bahinga navuganye na bo nta mvo n’imwe bafise yo kwiganyira ku biti vya Powell, kuko iryo shamba ryarashikiwe n’ivyago bikomeye cane: gutema ibiti, gucukura amabuye y’agaciro, gutera imbere, n’udukoko n’ingwara zitagira uko zingana zisenya ibiti. Muri izo, ivyatsi vy’umukara vyemezwa ko ari Umusi mukuru wo gufungura. Gary Lovett, umuhinga mu vy’ibidukikije vyo mu mashyamba wo mu kigo ca Cary co mu gisagara ca Millbrook muri New York, yavuze ati: “Twama dushiramwo ibinyabuzima bishasha vyuzuye. “Ingaruka z’ibitoke vy’umukara vyahinduwe mu vy’uruvyaro ni nto cane.”
Donald Waller, umuhinga mu vy’ibidukikije vyo mu mashyamba aherutse gufata ikiruhuko c’izabukuru muri Kaminuza ya Wisconsin-Madison, yaragiye kure cane. Yambwiye ati: “Ku ruhande rumwe, ndadondora uburimbane bukeyi hagati y’akaga n’impera. Ku rundi ruhande, nguma gusa nkaraba umutwe kubera akaga.” Ico giti gihinduwe mu vy’uruvyaro coshobora gutera akaga ishyamba. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, “urupapuro ruri munsi y’impera rurasesagura gusa wino.” Yavuze ko igiti c’umuberoshi kidashobora kubora kizoheza kigatsinda iryo shyamba ry’intambara. Abantu barakeneye icizigiro. Abantu barakeneye ibimenyetso. ”
Powell akunda kuguma atuje, mugabo abakekeranya ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo guhindura ivy’uruvyaro boshobora kumuhungabanya. Yavuze ati: “Nta co bimaze kuri jewe.” “Ntizishingiye kuri siyansi.” Iyo abahinga bakoze imodoka canke amatelefone ngendanwa meza kuruta, nta n’umwe yidoga, ni co gituma ashaka kumenya ikibi kiri mu biti vyubatswe neza kuruta. Powell ati: “Iki ni igikoresho gishobora gufasha. "Kubera iki muvuga ko tutashobora gukoresha iki gikoresho? Dushobora gukoresha igikoresho co gukubita amabuye ca Phillips, ariko ntidukoreshe igikoresho co gukubita amabuye gisanzwe, n'ibihushanye n'ivyo?"
Mu ntango z’ukwezi kwa Gitugutu 2018, naraherekeje Powell ku kibanza c’uburimyi kiri mu bumanuko bwa Sirakuza. Yari yizigiye ko kazoza k’ubwoko bw’ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyo muri Amerika kazokura. Aho hantu hari hafi y’ubusa, kandi ni kimwe mu bibanza bikeyi ibiti vyemewe gukuramwo. Ivyo bibanza birebire vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi n’ivy’imiberoshi, ivyo bikaba vyavuye mu bikorwa vy’ubushakashatsi vyari vyaramaze igihe kirekire bihevye, birahengamira mu buseruko, kure y’umuyaga uriko uratera, ivyo bikaba bituma aho hantu haba ahantu h’agacavutu gatoyi.
Umushakashatsi Andrew Newhouse wo muri laboratwari ya Powell aramaze gukora kuri kimwe mu biti vyiza kuruta ibindi vyose abahinga bashobora gukoresha, ni igiti citwa chestnut co mw’ishamba kiva mu bumanuko bwa Virginie. Ico giti gifise uburebure bw’amafuti nka 25 kandi gikura mu murima w’ivyamwa vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi utunganijwe mu buryo butandukanye, ukikujwe n’uruzitiro rw’ibisiga rw’amafuti 10. Ico gikapu c’ishure cari kiboshe ku mpera y’amashami amwamwe y’ico giti. Newhouse yasiguye yuko iyo mpuzu y’imbere yari ifunzwe n’amabara y’igiti citwa Darling 58 abahinga basavye muri Ruheshi, mu gihe iyo mpuzu y’inyuma y’ivyuma y’urusenga yatuma izo nkoko zidakura. Ivyo vyose bigenzurwa cane n’Igisata c’Uburimi ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; imbere y’uko bikuraho amategeko, amabara canke inzabibu zivuye mu biti bifise ivy’uruvyaro vyongeweko mu ruzitiro canke mu laboratwari y’umushakashatsi bitegerezwa gutandukanywa.
Newhouse yarakoresheje ibikoresho vyo gukata amashami bishobora gusubirwamwo. Ukwega n’umugozi, iryo banga ryaravunitse, umufuko uragwa. Newhouse yaciye yihuta aja kw’ishami rikurikira ryari rifise imifuko, aca asubiramwo ivyo. Powell yarakorakoranye iyo mifuko yari yaguye maze ayishira mu gafuko kanini k’imyanda k’ipulasitike, nk’uko nyene umuntu afata ibintu bishobora gutera akaga ibinyabuzima.
Newhouse na Hannah Pilkey bamaze gusubira mu laboratwari, barasukura iyo saho maze bihuta gukuramwo inzabibu z’inzobe mu bihimba vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye. Baritwararika kugira ngo amahwa ntiyinjire mu rukoba, ivyo bikaba ari akaga k’akazi mu bushakashatsi bw’ibiti vy’imiberoshi. Kera, barakunda inkere zose z’agaciro zahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka. Ico gihe, amaherezo bararonse vyinshi: barenga 1.000. Pirkey ati: “Twese turiko turakora utuvyino dutoduto duteye umunezero.
Mu nyuma kuri uwo musi ku muhingamo, Powell yarajana izo nkoko mu biro vya Neil Patterson mu cumba c’imbere. Hari umusi w’Abasangwabutaka (umusi wa Columbus), kandi Patterson, Umuyobozi wungirije w’Ikigo ca ESF kijejwe Abasangwabutaka n’Ibidukikije, yari ahejeje kugaruka avuye mu gice ca kane c’ishure, aho yarongoye iyerekanwa ry’ibifungurwa vy’abasangwabutaka. Abana biwe babiri n’umwana wa mushiki wiwe bariko barakina kuri mudasobwa mu biro. Bose barasekura barya inkere. Powell yavuze yicuza ati: “Baracari ivyatsi bitotahaye gatoyi.
Ingabirano ya Powell irafise intumbero nyinshi. Ariko aratanga imbuto, yizigiye gukoresha urubuga rwa Patterson kugira ngo atere ivyatsi vy’imiberoshi mu bibanza bishasha, aho bishobora kuronka amabara y’ivyatsi bihinduwe mu myaka mikeyi. Yaragira kandi uruhara mu bikorwa vy’ubudiplomate vy’ubuhinga.
Igihe Patterson yaronswa akazi na ESF mu 2014, yaramenye ko Powell yariko aragerageza ibiti vyahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka, ivyo bikaba vyari ku bilometero bikeyi gusa uvuye ku karere k’abanyagihugu b’i Onondaga. Ico kibanza ca nyuma kiri mw’ishamba ku bilometero bikeyi mu bumanuko bwa Sirakuza. Patterson yarabonye yuko uwo mugambi niwaba wararoraniwe, amaherezo utugingo ngengabuzima tudashobora guhangana n’ingwara tuzokwinjira muri ico gihugu maze tujabuke n’ibitoke vy’umukara vyasigaye ng’aho, gutyo bihindure ishyamba rihambaye cane ku bijanye n’akaranga ka Onodaga. Yarumvise kandi ivyerekeye ivyiyumviro biriko biratuma abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abantu, harimwo n’abavuye mu miryango y’abasangwabutaka, barwanya ibinyabuzima bihinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka ahandi. Nk’akarorero, mu 2015, umuryango w’Abayurok warabujije gucungera ibinyabuzima bihinduwe mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima (GMO) mu Buraruko bwa Californie kubera ko wari uhagaritse umutima ku bijanye n’uko vyoshobora kwanduza ibiterwa vyawo be n’uburovyi bwawo bw’amafi y’umukara.
Patterson yambwiye ati: “Ndatahura ko ivyo vyatushikiye hano; n’imiburiburi twari dukwiye kuganira.” Mu nama y’Ishirahamwe ry’Ukurinda Ibidukikije ryo mu 2015 yatunganijwe na ESF, Powell yatanze ijambo yari yimenyereje neza abagize imiryango y’abasangwabutaka bo muri New York. Inyuma y’iyo nsiguro, Patterson yaributse yuko abarongozi batari bake bavuze bati: “Twabwirizwa gutera ibiti!” Igishika bari bafise caratangaje Patterson. Yavuze ati: “Sinari navyiteze.”
Ariko rero, ibiyago vyabaye mu nyuma vyerekanye yuko bake muri bo ari bo vy’ukuri bibuka uruhara igiti c’umuberoshi cari gifise mu muco waco wa kera. Ubushakashatsi bwa Patterson bwakurikiyeho bwamubwiye yuko mu gihe imigumuko yo mu kibano n’ugusambura ibidukikije vyariko biraba icarimwe, Leta ya Amerika yariko irashira mu ngiro umugambi munini wo gukura abantu ku nguvu no kwifatanya n’abandi, kandi ko ico kiza cari carashitse. Cokimwe n’ibindi bintu vyinshi, umuco wo muri ako karere wo gutera ivyatsi vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi warazimiye. Patterson kandi yasanze ivyiyumviro ku bijanye n’uguhindura ivy’uruvyaro bitandukanye cane. Umuhinga mu vy’ugukora inkoni za lacrosse wo muri Onoda yitwa Alfie Jacques arafise umutima ukunze wo gukora inkoni zivuye mu biti vy’imiberoshi kandi arashigikira uwo mugambi. Abandi biyumvira ko ingorane ari nyinshi cane, bigatuma barwanya ibiti.
Patterson aratahura ivyo bibanza bibiri. Aherutse kumbwira ati: “Ni nk’aho ari telefone ngendanwa n’umwana wanje.” Yarerekanye ko umwana wiwe ariko arataha avuye kw'ishure kubera ikiza ca coronavirus. "Umusi umwe narasohotse vyose; kugira ngo bagume nkorana na bo, bariko bariga. Umusi ukurikira, nk'aho, reka tuvyikuremwo." Ariko imyaka myinshi yamaze ayaga na Powell yaratumye agira amakenga make. Nta gihe kirekire gishize, yaramenye yuko uruvyaro rw’ibiti 58 vy’i Darling rusanzwe rutazogira izo ntungamubiri zashizwemwo, ivyo bikaba bisobanura ko ibiti vy’intango vy’ibitoke vy’ishamba bizobandanya gukura mw’ishamba. Patterson yavuze ko ivyo vyakuyeho ingorane ikomeye.
Igihe twamugendera mu kwezi kwa Gitugutu, yambwiye ko igituma adashobora gushigikira bimwe bishitse umugambi wa GM ari uko atazi nimba Powell yitwararika abantu bakorana n’ico giti canke igiti. Patterson aca amukubita mu gikiriza ati: “Sinzi ico afise. Yavuze ko iyo ubucuti buri hagati y’umuntu n’igiti c’umukaraba bushobora gusubirana, ari ho gusa bikenewe ko ico giti kigaruka.
Kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke, yavuze ko afise umugambi wo gukoresha izo nkoko Powell yamuhaye kugira ngo akore umukate w’ibitoke vy’umukara n’amavuta. Azozana ivyo biryo mu karere ka Onondaga, atumire abantu gusubira kumenya uburyohe bwavyo bwa kera. Yavuze ati: “Ndavyizigiye, ni nk’uguramutsa umugenzi wa kera, ukeneye gusa kwinjira muri bisi uvuye aho wahagaze ubushize.”
Powell yaronse ingabirano y’amadolari 3.2 miliyoni ivuye ku kigo Templeton World Charity Foundation muri Mukakaro, ivyo bizotuma Powell ashobora gutera intambwe uko azogendagenda mu bigo bijejwe gucungera amategeko no kwagura ubushakashatsi bwiwe kuva ku vyerekeye ivy’uruvyaro gushika ku vy’ukuri vy’ukuri vy’ugusanura ahantu hose. Iyo leta imuhezagiye, Powell n’abahinga bo mu kigo ca Amerika kijejwe ivy’ibitoke vyitwa Chestnut Foundation bazotangura kubireka ngo bishurwe. Ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi n’ibindi bihimba vy’ivyatsi bizofuhwa canke bishire ku bikoresho vy’ibindi biti birindiriye, kandi iherezo ry’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi bihinduwe mu vy’ivyatsi bizogenda ataco bimaze mu bidukikije vy’igerageza bigenzurwa. Dufashe ko iyo gene ishobora kugumaho mu murima no mu laboratwari, ivyo ntibizwi neza, kandi izokwiragira mw’ishamba-ico ni ikintu c’ibidukikije abahinga bipfuza ariko abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abantu batinya.
Inyuma y’aho habaye igiti c’umukara kiruhutse, woshobora kukigura? Ego cane, Newhouse yavuze, uwo ni wo mugambi. Abashakashatsi barabajijwe buri ndwi igihe ibiti bizoboneka.
Mu isi Powell, Newhouse na bagenzi biwe babamwo, biroroshe kwumva ko igihugu cose kirindiriye igiti cabo. Ariko rero, gutwara imodoka urugendo rugufi uja mu buraruko uvuye mw’itongo ry’ubushakashatsi uciye mu gisagara ca Sirakuza, biratwibutsa ingene habaye amahinduka akomeye mu bidukikije no mu kibano kuva ivyamwa vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyo muri Amerika bizima. Ibarabara ry’i Chestnut Heights riri mu gisagara gitoyi kiri mu buraruko bwa Sirakuza. Ni ibarabara risanzwe ry’abantu babamwo rifise inzira zagutse, ivyatsi vyiza, rimwe na rimwe hakaba hariho ibiti bitobito vy’ugushaza biteye igomwe mu rugo rw’imbere. . Iryo shirahamwe ry’ibiti ntirisaba ko ibiti vy’imiberoshi bisubira kuvyuka. Ubutunzi bw’uburimyi bwitunga bushingiye ku mbuto z’umuceri bwazimiye burundu. Hafi nta n’umwe akura inkere ziyoroshe kandi zisosa mu bihimba vy’umubiri bikomeye cane. Abantu benshi boshobora mbere kutamenya ko ata kintu na kimwe kibuze mw’ishamba.
Narahagaze maze mfata ifunguro ry’umugoroba ku nkengera y’ikiyaga Onondaga munsi y’igitutu c’igiti kinini c’ivu ryera. Ico giti cari giteye ibikoko vy’ibitoke vy’ibara ry’agahama. Nshobora kubona imyobo ikozwe n’udukoko mu gishishwa. Itangura gutakaza amababi kandi ishobora gupfa ikasenyuka haciye imyaka mikeyi. Kugira ngo nje ngaha gusa mvuye i muhira iwanje i Maryland, naraciye n’imodoka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’ibiti vy’ivu vyapfuye, amashami y’ibiti vy’imiberoshi atagira ikintu ariko araduga iruhande y’inzira.
Mu ntara ya Appalachia, iyo sosiyete yarakuye ibiti mu karere kanini ka Bitlahua kugira ngo ironke amakara ari musi. Umutima w’igihugu c’amakara uhuye n’umutima w’igihugu ca kera c’amakara. Ishirahamwe ryitwa American Chestnut Foundation ryakoranye n’imiryango yateye ibiti ku binogo vy’amakara vyari vyahebwe, kandi ubu ibiti vy’imiberoshi biramera ku butaka bugera ku bihumbi n’ibihumbi bwashikiwe n’ico kiza. Ivyo biti ni igice gusa c’ibiti vy’ivyatsi bishobora guhangana n’indwara y’imigera, mugabo birashobora guhinduka bimwe n’ibiti vy’uruvyaro rushasha umusi umwe bishobora guhangana n’ibiti bininibinini vya kera vyo mw’ishamba.
Mu kwezi kwa Rusama guheze, umugera wa carbone mu kirere warashitse ku bice 414,8 ku miliyoni ku ncuro ya mbere. Cokimwe n’ibindi biti, uburemere butagira amazi bw’ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyo muri Amerika ni nk’igice c’umuyagankuba. Ibintu bikeyi ushobora gutera ku butaka bishobora gufata umuyagankuba uva mu kirere vyihuta kuruta igiti c’umukaraba kiriko kirakura. Ivyo bishitse mu muzirikanyi, ikiganiro kimwe casohowe mu kinyamakuru Wall Street Journal umwaka uheze caratanze iciyumviro kiti: “Reka tugire uwundi murima w’ibitoke vy’ibitoke.”