Iki kiganiro kiri mu ciyumviro c’ubushakashatsi kivuga ngo “Ikoreshwa ry’imiti irwanya imigera, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imigera n’imigera y’ibikoko birya”. Raba ingingo 13 zose
Asidi z’ibinyabuzima zirabandanya gukenerwa cane nk’ivyo kwongera ku vyo kurya vy’ibikoko. Gushika ubu, ikintu nyamukuru cari ugukingira ibiribwa, cane cane kugabanya indwara ziterwa n’ibifungurwa mu nkoko no mu bindi bikoko. Ubu hariho aside nyinshi z’ibinyabuzima ziriko ziratohozwa canke zirasanzwe zikoreshwa mu vy’ubudandaji. Mu ma aside menshi y’ibinyabuzima yigishijwe cane, aside ya formique ni imwe muri zo. Asidi ya formique yongerwa mu vyo inkoko zirya kugira ngo zigabanye Salmonella n’ibindi bitera indwara biva ku vyo zifungura no mu nzira y’amara iyo zimaze kuzinywa. Uko ugutahura ubushobozi n’ingaruka za aside formique ku bitera indwara biva ku muntu n’ibifungurwa bigenda birakura, biragenda biragaragara ko kuba hariho aside formique bishobora gutuma haba inzira zimwe zimwe muri Salmonella. Iryo nyishu rishobora gukomera cane iyo aside formique yinjiye mu nzira y’amara maze ntiyigere ikorana gusa n’ibikoko bita Salmonella bimaze gukoloniza inzira y’amara, ariko kandi igakorana n’ibimera vy’imigera vyo mu nda ubwavyo. Iryo suzuma rizosuzuma ivyavuyemwo ubu n’ivyizigiro vy’ubushakashatsi bundi ku bijanye n’imigera y’inkoko n’ibifungurwa bivuwe n’aside formique.
Mu bijanye n’ubworozi bw’amatungo n’ubw’inkoko, ingorane ni ugutegura ingamba zo kuburongora zituma iterambere n’umwimbu bigenda neza mu gihe bigabanya ingorane zishobora guterwa n’umutekano w’ibifungurwa. Mu mateka, gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’indwara mu buryo butari bwo vyatumye ibikoko bigira amagara meza, bigira amagara meza, kandi bikagira umwimbu mwinshi (1–3). Kuva ku buryo bwo gukora, vyasabwe ko antibiyotike zitangwa ku rugero rwo hasi rwo guhagarika inyishu z’abashitsi mu guhindura ibimera vyo mu nda (GI) be n’imigenderanire yazo n’uwuzikira (3). Ariko rero, ivyiyumviro biguma bitera ubwoba ku bijanye n’ugukwiragira kw’ibitera indwara ziterwa n’ibifungurwa bishobora guhangana n’imiti igabanya ubukana bw’indwara be n’uko bishobora gufatanya n’indwara zishobora guhangana n’imiti igabanya ubukana bw’indwara mu bantu, vyatumye buhoro buhoro umuntu ahagarika gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’indwara mu bikoko vy’ibifungurwa (4–8). Ni co gituma gutegura ibintu vyo kwongera ku ngaburo n’ivyo gutuma ibifungurwa bimera neza bihuye n’imiburiburi na bimwe muri ivyo bisabwa (ugutuma ibikoko bigira amagara meza, ukumererwa neza, n’umwimbu) biraryoshe cane mu bushakashatsi bw’inyigisho no mu bijanye n’iterambere ry’ubudandaji (5, 9). Ibintu bitandukanye vyo kwongera ku ngaburo z’ubudandaji vyinjiye mw’isoko ry’ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko, harimwo probiotiques, prebiotiques, amavuta y’agaciro n’ibindi bifitaniye isano n’ivyo biva mu bimera bitandukanye, n’imiti nk’iyitwa aldehydes (10–14). Ibindi bifungurwa vy’ubudandaji bikoreshwa cane mu nyama z’inkoko ni nk’ibitera imigera, zinc oxide, enzymes exogènes, ibintu biva hanze, n’ibintu bitera aside (15, 16).
Mu bikoresho vy’imiti biriho, aldehydes n’aside organique ni vyo vyari vyigwa cane kandi bikoreshwa cane mu mateka (12, 17–21). Asidi z’ibinyabuzima, cane cane asidi z’ibinure zifise urudodo rugufi (SCFAs), ni zizwi cane ko zirwanya imigera itera indwara. Izo aside z’ibinyabuzima zikoreshwa nk’ivyo kwongera ku ngaburo atari kugira ngo zigabanye gusa ukuntu ibintu bitera indwara biri mu mfungurwa ariko kandi kugira ngo zigire ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa vy’insogi (17, 20–24). Ikindi, SCFAs ziterwa n’ugutumba kw’ibimera vyo mu mara biri mu nzira y’ugufungura kandi bivugwa ko zifise uruhara rw’ubuhinga mu bushobozi bw’ibinyabuzima bimwe bimwe bifasha umubiri guhangana n’ibinyabuzima bitera indwara bifatwa mu nzira y’amaraso (21, 23, 25).
Mu myaka iheze, aside zitandukanye zifise urudodo rugufi (SCFAs) zarakwegereye abantu benshi nk’ivyo kwongera ku ngaburo. Cane cane, ivyitwa propionate, butyrate na formate vyaragizweko inyigisho nyinshi kandi bikoreshwa mu bucuruzi (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Naho inyigisho za mbere zari zishingiye ku kugenzura ibitera indwara ziterwa n’ibifungurwa mu biribwa vy’ibikoko n’inkoko, inyigisho za vuba zahinduye ivyiyumviro vyazo zija ku gutuma muri rusangi ubushobozi bw’ibikoko n’ubuzima bw’insogi butera imbere (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, na butyrate vyakwegereye abantu benshi nk’ivyo kwongera ku vyo kurya vy’aside y’ibinyabuzima, muri ivyo aside ya formique na yo nyene ni ikintu ciza cane (21, 23). Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vyari vyibanze ku bijanye n’umutekano w’ibifungurwa biva kuri aside formique, cane cane ku kugabanya indwara ziterwa n’ibifungurwa mu biribwa vy’ibitungwa. Ariko rero, hari n’ibindi bishobora gukoreshwa. Intumbero rusangi y’iri suzuma ni ugusuzuma amateka n’aho aside formique iri ubu nk’umuti wo gutuma amatungo agira ibifungurwa vyiza (Ishusho 1). Muri iki cigwa, tuzosuzuma uburyo aside formique irwanya imigera. Ikindi, tuzokwihweza neza ingaruka zigira ku matungo n’inkoko, tuganire ku buryo bushoboka bwo gutuma zikora neza.
Ishusho 1. Ikarata y’ubwenge y’ingingo zivugwa muri iri suzuma. Cane cane, intumbero rusangi zikurikira zari zishimikiye kuri: gusobanura amateka n’aho aside formique iri ubu nk’umuti wo gutuma amatungo agira ivyo arya neza, uburyo aside formique irwanya imigera n’ingaruka z’ikoreshwa ryayo ku buzima bw’ibikoko n’inkoko, n’uburyo bushobora gutuma ikora neza.
Guhingura ibifungurwa vy’amatungo n’inkoko ni igikorwa kigoye cane gifise intambwe nyinshi, harimwo gutunganya intete mu buryo bw’umubiri (nk’ugusesa kugira ngo zigabanye ubunini bw’ibice), gutunganya ubushuhe kugira ngo zibe nk’ibipande, no kwongerako ingaburo nyinshi ku vyo zifungura bivanye n’ivyo igikoko gikeneye mu bijanye n’ingaburo (27). Kubera ivyo bigoranye, ntibitangaje ko ugutunganya ibifungurwa bitera intete ibintu bitandukanye biva ku bidukikije imbere y’uko zishika mu gisyo c’ibifungurwa, mu gihe co gusesa, hanyuma mu gihe co gutwara no kugaburira mu bifungurwa vy’ibifungurwa bihurikiye hamwe (9, 21, 28). Gutyo, mu myaka iheze, umugwi w’imigera itandukanye cane warabonetse mu biribwa, harimwo atari imigera gusa ariko kandi harimwo n’imigera irwanya imigera, ibiherere ku mubiri be n’imisemburo (9, 21, 28–31). Bimwe muri ivyo bihumanya, nk’ibiherere ku mubiri bimwebimwe, birashobora gutuma haba ubumara bw’ibikoko (mycotoxins) butera ingorane ku buzima bw’ibikoko (32–35).
Igitigiri c’imigera gishobora kuba gitandukanye cane kandi kivana ku rugero runaka n’uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutandukanya no kumenya imigera n’aho iyo nkuru ikomoka. Nk’akarorero, urutonde rw’imigera rushobora gutandukanywa imbere y’uko umuntu akoresha ubushuhe bujanye n’ugutera ivyatsi (36). Naho uburyo bwa kera bwo gutera ivyatsi n’uburyo bwo gutera ivyatsi ku masahani bwatanze amakuru amwamwe, uburyo buherutse gukoreshwa bw’uburyo bwo gukurikiranya ivy’uruvyaro rukurikira (NGS) bushingiye ku ntungamubiri za 16S rRNA bwatanze isuzuma ry’ibinyabuzima bitobito ry’ibifungurwa (9). Igihe Solanki n’abandi. (37) basuzumye microbiome y’imigera y’intete z’ingano zabitswe mu kiringo kinaka hariho phosphine, umuti wo gukingira udukoko, basanze iyo microbiome yari itandukanye cane inyuma y’iyimbura n’inyuma y’amezi 3 y’ububiko. Ikindi kandi, Solanki n’abandi. (37) (37) vyerekanye ko imigera y’ibikoko, imigera y’ibikoko, imigera y’ibikoko, imigera y’ibikoko, n’imigera y’ibikoko ari vyo vyari vyinshi mu mbuto z’ingano, Bacillus, Erwinia, na Pseudomonas ari vyo vyari vyinshi mu bwoko, kandi Enterobacteriaceae yari igize min. Bashingiye ku kugereranya kw’imigera, baciye bafata ingingo y’uko gutera umuriro w’imiti yitwa phosphine vyahinduye cane igitigiri c’imigera ariko ntivyagira ico bikoze ku bwoko bw’ibiherere ku mubiri.
Solanki n’abandi. (37) vyerekanye ko amasoko y’ibifungurwa ashobora kandi kubamwo ibitera indwara biva ku bifungurwa bishobora gutera ingorane ku buzima bwa bose bishingiye ku kumenya Enterobacteriaceae mu binyabuzima bitobito. Ibintu bitera indwara nk’ibikoko bitera indwara, ibikoko bitera indwara, ibikoko bitera indwara, ibikoko bita Escherichia coli O157:H7, na Listeria monocytogenes vyahuye n’ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko n’ibifungurwa vy’ibitoke (9, 31, 38). Uko ibindi bikoko bitera indwara biva ku vyo kurya biguma mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko n’inkoko, ubu ntibirazwi. Ge n'abandi. (39) basuzumye ibirungo vy’ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko birenga 200 maze batandukanya ibikoko bitera indwara y’ibicurane, E. coli, n’ibikoko bitera indwara y’ibihaha, ariko ntibabona E. coli O157:H7 canke Campylobacter. Ariko rero, ama matrices nk’ibifungurwa vyumye arashobora gukora nk’inkomoko y’indwara yitwa E. coli. Mu gukurikirana inkomoko y’ikiza co mu 2016 c’indwara ya Shiga itera ubumara bwa Escherichia coli (STEC) y’imigwi O121 na O26 ifatanye n’ingwara z’abantu, Crowe n’abandi. (40) bakoresheje urutonde rw’ibihimba vyose vy’umubiri kugira ngo bagereranye ivyihariye vy’ubuvuzi n’ivyihariye vyaronswe mu bifungurwa. Bashingiye kuri iyo ngereranyo, baciye bashika ku ciyumviro c’uko iyo nzira ishobora kuba ari ifu y’ingano mbisi ifise ubukonje buke, iva mu masyo y’ifu. Ubukonje buke bw’ifu y’ingano bugaragaza ko STEC ishobora no kubaho mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko bifise ubukonje buke. Ariko rero, nk’uko Crowe n’abandi babivuga. (40) menya, gutandukanya STEC n’ibipimo vy’ifu biragoye kandi bisaba uburyo bwo gutandukanya immunomagnetique kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kuronka ingingo z’imigera zihagije. Uburyo nk’ubwo bwo gupima indwara burashobora kandi gutuma bigorana kumenya no gutandukanya ibintu bitera indwara bidasanzwe biva ku vyo kurya biri mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko. Ingorane zo kumenya izo ndwara zishobora kandi kuba ziterwa n’uko izo ndwara zimara igihe kirekire mu bibanza bifise ubukonje buke. Forghani n’abandi. (41) vyerekanye ko ifu y’ingano ibitswe mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba kandi ikangwa n’uruvange rw’imigera y’amaraso y’umubiri (EHEC) O45, O121, na O145 be n’iyitwa Salmonella (S. kandi iracari ishobora kumenyekana ku ndwi 24 n’iya 52.
Mu mateka, Campylobacter ntiyigeze itandukanywa n’ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko n’inkoko hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa kera bwo gukura (38, 39), naho Campylobacter ishobora gutandukanywa bitagoranye mu nzira y’amara y’inkoko n’ibiva mu nkoko (42, 43). Ariko rero, ibifungurwa biracari n’ivyiza vyavyo nk’isoko ishobora gukoreshwa. Nk’akarorero, Alves n’abandi. (44) vyerekanye ko gucandaga ibifungurwa vy’inkoko zivyibushe C. jejuni hanyuma bikabikwa mu bushuhe bubiri butandukanye imisi 3 canke 5 vyatuma C. jejuni ishobora kubaho igaruka, rimwe na rimwe mbere igakwiragira. Baciye bafata ingingo y’uko C. jejuni ishobora ata gukeka kubaho mu vyo kurya vy’inkoko, rero ishobora kuba ari yo ishobora gutuma inkoko zandura.
Ukwanduzwa n’indwara ya Salmonella mu biribwa vy’ibikoko n’inkoko vyarashizweko umutima cane mu bihe vya kera kandi biracari ikintu gihambaye mu bikorwa bikomeza vyo gutegura uburyo bwo kubimenya bushobora gukoreshwa cane cane ku biribwa no kurondera uburyo bwiza bwo kubirwanya (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Mu myaka iheze, inyigisho nyinshi zasuzumye ukwitandukanya n’ibiranga Salmonella mu bibanza bitandukanye vy’ibifungurwa no mu bigo vy’ibifungurwa (38, 39, 54–61). Muri rusangi, izo nyigisho zirerekana ko Salmonella ishobora gutandukanywa n’ibirungo bitandukanye vy’ibifungurwa, aho ibifungurwa biva, ubwoko bw’ibifungurwa, n’ibikorwa vyo guhingura ibifungurwa. Igitigiri c’abantu bakwiragira n’ubwoko bwa Salmonella buhambaye cane bwatanzwe na vyo nyene vyari bitandukanye. Nk’akarorero, Li n’abandi. (57) bemeje ko hariho indwara ya Salmonella spp. Yabonetse mu bice 12,5% vy’ibipimo 2058 vyafashwe mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko vyuzuye, ibirungo vy’ibifungurwa, ivyo kurya vy’ibikoko, ivyo kurya vy’ibikoko, n’ivyo kurya vy’ibikoko mu kiringo co kwegeranya amakuru kuva mu 2002 gushika mu 2009. Ikindi kandi, ubwoko bw’indwara bwa Salmonella bwabonetse cane mu bice 12,5% vy’ibipimo vya Salmonella vyagaragaye ko bifise iyo ndwara ni S. Senftenberg na S. Montevideo (57). Mu cigwa cakozwe ku bijanye n’ibifungurwa biteguwe kuribwa be n’ibiva mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko muri Texas, Hsieh n’abandi. (58) bavuze ko Salmonella igwiriye cane mu mfuruka z’amafi, ikurikirwa n’amaproteine ​​y’ibikoko, S. Mbanka na S. Montevideo ni zo zigwiriye cane. Insyo z’ibifungurwa na zo nyene ziratanga uturongo twinshi two kwanduza ibifungurwa mu gihe co kuvanga no kwongerako ibirungo (9, 56, 61). Magossi n’abandi. (61) barashoboye kwerekana ko uturongo twinshi two kwanduza dushobora kubaho mu gihe c’uguhingura ibifungurwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Nkako, Magossi n’abandi. (61) basanze n’imiburiburi umuco umwe mwiza wa Salmonella mu bikoresho 11 vy’ibifungurwa (ahantu 12 hafashwe ivyerekanwa vyose hamwe) mu bihugu umunani vyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Kubera ko hariho ubushobozi bwo kwanduzwa n’indwara ya Salmonella mu gihe co gufata ibifungurwa, mu gihe co kubitwara, no mu gihe co kubigaburira ku musi ku musi, ntibitangaje ko hariho utwigoro dukomeye turiko turakorwa kugira ngo haboneke ivyongera mu biribwa bishobora kugabanya no kubungabunga urugero ruto rw’ubwandu bw’imigera mu kiringo cose c’uguhingura ibitungwa.
Nta vyinshi bizwi ku bijanye n’ingene Salmonella yishura ku bijanye n’aside formique. Ariko rero, Huang n’abandi. (62) vyerekanye ko aside formique iri mu mara mato y’ibikoko vy’ibinyamabere kandi ko Salmonella spp. zishobora gutuma habaho aside formique. Huang n'abandi. (62) bakoresheje urutonde rw’ibihinduka vy’inzira nyamukuru kugira ngo bamenye ukuntu ivyiyumviro vy’ubumara bwa Salmonella bigaragara maze basanze formate ishobora gukora nk’ikimenyetso gishobora gukwiragira kugira ngo Salmonella itere ingingo z’umubiri zitwa Hep-2. Vuba aha, Liu n’abandi. (63) batandukanije umugera utwara formate, FocA, uva kuri Salmonella typhimurium ukora nk’umurongo wihariye wa formate ku pH 7.0 ariko kandi ushobora gukora nk’umurongo wo gusohora formate udakora ku pH y’inyuma canke nk’umurongo wa kabiri ukora wo kwinjiza formate/ion y’ihydrogène ku pH nto. Ariko rero, iyo nyigisho yakozwe ku bwoko bumwe gusa bw’umugera wa S. Typhimurium. Ikibazo kiguma ari uko serotypes zose zisubiza aside formique mu buryo busa n’ubwo. Ivyo biguma ari ikibazo gihambaye c’ubushakashatsi gikwiye gutorwa mu nyigisho zizoza. Utitaye ku vyo bizovamwo, biraguma ari vyiza gukoresha ubwoko bwinshi bwa Salmonella canke mbere ubwoko bwinshi bwa serotype imwe imwe mu ngeragezwa zo gusuzuma igihe umuntu ariko arategura impanuro rusangi zo gukoresha ivyungura aside kugira ngo ugabanye urugero rwa Salmonella mu biribwa. Uburyo bushasha, nk’ugukoresha ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amabara y’ivy’uruvyaro kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gutandukanya imigwi itandukanye y’ubwoko bumwe (9, 64), buratanga akaryo ko gutahura ubudasa bwiza cane bushobora kugira ico bukoze ku nsozero no ku gusobanura ubudasa.
Kamere y’imiti n’uburyo bwo gusenyuka kwa formate na vyo nyene birashobora kuba bihambaye. Mu rutonde rw’inyigisho, Beyer n’abandi. (65–67) vyerekanye ko guhagarika Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, na Campylobacter coli vyari bifitaniye isano n’ingero y’aside formique itandukanye kandi ko vyari bitandukanye n’ivyo pH canke aside formique itatandukanye. Ubwoko bw’imiti yitwa formate iyo migera ishikirwa na bwo nyene busa n’ubuhambaye. Kovanda n’abandi. (68) basuzumye ibinyabuzima vyinshi bifise Gram-negative n’ibifise Gram-positive maze bagereranya ivyiyumviro bikeyi bishobora guhagarika (MICs) vy’umunyu w’umunyu (500–25.000 mg/L) n’umunyu w’umunyu n’umunyu w’umunyu (40/60 m/v; 10–10.000 mg/L). Hashingiwe ku mibare ya MIC, basanze sodium formate ishobora guhagarika gusa imigera y’ibicurane, indwara y’ibicurane, indwara y’ibihaha, ariko ntiyashobora gukingira indwara y’ibihaha, Salmonella typhimurium canke Enterococcus faecalis. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, uruvange rw’ivyuma bita sodium formate n’ivyuma bita sodium formate vy’ubuntu vyari bibuza ibinyabuzima vyose, ivyo bikaba vyatumye abo banditsi bashika ku ciyumviro c’uko aside formique y’ubuntu ari yo ifise ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kurwanya imigera. Vyoshobora gushimisha gusuzuma imigereranyo itandukanye y’izo nzira zibiri z’imiti kugira ngo tumenye nimba urutonde rw’agaciro ka MIC rujanye n’urugero rwa aside formique iri mu nzira ivanze n’inyishu y’aside formique 100%.
Gomezi-Garsiya n’abandi. (69) bagerageje imigwi y’amavuta y’agaciro n’aside zifise ubuzima (nk’aside formique) ku bihimba vyinshi vy’umubiri vyitwa Escherichia coli, Salmonella na Clostridium perfringens vyaronswe mu ngurube. Bagerageje ubushobozi bw’amavuta atandatu y’ibinyabuzima, harimwo aside ya formique, n’amavuta atandatu y’agaciro ku bikoko vy’ingurube vyihariye, bakoresheje formaldehyde nk’ikigereranyo ciza. Gomezi-Garsiya n’abandi. (69) bamenye ubushobozi bwa MIC50, MBC50, na MIC50/MBC50 bw’aside formique ku bikoko vy’ibitoke (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), n’ibikoko vy’ibitoke vy’ibitoke (1200 na 2400 ppm, 4), ivyo bikaba vyabonetse ko bifise aside nyinshi kuruta 2400). aside zose z’ibinyabuzima zirwanya E. coli na Salmonella. (69) Asidi ya formique irafasha cane mu kurwanya Escherichia coli na Salmonella kubera ubunini bwayo buto bw’amamolekule n’uruzitiro rurerure (70).
Beyer n’abandi. yasuzumye ubwoko bwa Campylobacter bwatanzwe mu ngurube (66) n’ubwoko bwa Campylobacter jejuni bwatanzwe mu nkoko (67) kandi yerekanye ko aside formique itandukana ku bipimo bihuye n’inyishu za MIC zigereranywa ku zindi aside zifise ubuzima. Ariko rero, ubushobozi bw’izo aside, harimwo n’aside formique, bwarashizwe mu bibazo kubera ko Campylobacter ishobora gukoresha izo aside nk’ibintu bifasha (66, 67). Ikoreshwa ry’aside rya C. jejuni ntiritangaje kuko vyerekanwe ko rifise ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibiribwa bitagira isukari. Gutyo, C. jejuni irafise ubushobozi buke bwo guhindura ibiribwa birimwo ibinure kandi yizigira gluconeogenesis iva ku ma aside amino n’ama aside organique ku bijanye n’ibikorwa vyinshi vyo guhindura inguvu n’ibikorwa vy’ibinyabuzima (71, 72). Icigwa ca mbere cakozwe na Line n’abandi. (73) bakoresheje urutonde rw’ibinyabuzima rurimwo inkomoko 190 z’umuyagankuba kandi berekana ko C. jejuni 11168(GS) ishobora gukoresha aside z’ibinyabuzima nk’inkomoko z’umuyagankuba, nyinshi muri zo zikaba ziri hagati y’ingendo y’aside tricarboxylic. Ibindi vyigwa vyakozwe na Wagli n’abandi. (74) bakoresheje urutonde rw’ikoreshwa ry’umuyagankuba vyerekanye ko ubwoko bwa C. jejuni na E. coli bwasuzumwe mu cigwa cabo bushobora gukura ku ma aside y’ibinyabuzima nk’inkomoko y’umuyagankuba. Formate ni yo itanga ama electrons menshi ku guhindura inguvu z’uguhema kwa C. jejuni, rero ni yo itanga inguvu nyinshi ku C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni irashobora gukoresha formate nk’umutanga w’iyidrojeni biciye ku nzira y’umuyagankuba ifatanye n’uruzitiro, igatuma formate ihinduka umwuka w’iyidrojeni, porotoni n’ama elegitoroni kandi igakora nk’umuti w’iyidrojeni kugira ngo umuntu ashobore guhema (72).
Asidi ya formique iramaze igihe kirekire ikoreshwa nk’umuti wo gutuma ibiribwa bimera neza, ariko n’udukoko tumwetumwe turashobora gukora aside formique kugira ngo ikoreshe nk’umuti wo kwikingira imigera. Rossini n’abandi. (76) bavuze yuko aside formique ishobora kuba ari kimwe mu bigize umutobe w’ibimonyo ugira aside nk’uko Ray (77) yabivuze ubu hakaba haciye nk’imyaka 350. Kuva ico gihe, ugutahura kwacu ku bijanye n’uguhingura aside formique mu bimonyo no mu bindi bikoko kwaragwiriye cane, kandi ubu birazwi ko iyo nzira ari igice c’uburyo butoroshe bwo kwikingira ubumara mu bikoko (78). Imigwi itandukanye y’udukoko, harimwo inzuki zitagira amababa, ibimonyo vy’amasonga (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ibikoko vyo hasi (Galerita lecontei na G. janus), ibimonyo bitagira amababa (Formicinae), n’ibikoko bimwebimwe vy’ibinyogomba (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), birazwi ko bitanga aside ya formique nk’ikintu co kwikingira,2–87).
Kumbure ibimonyo ni vyo bimenyekana cane kubera ko bifise utugingo ngengabuzima twitwa acidocytes, ni ukuvuga utuzu twihariye dutuma bishobora gutera ubumara bugizwe ahanini n’aside formique (82). Ivyo bimonyo bikoresha serine nk’imbere y’ibindi kandi bikabika formate nyinshi mu bihimba vy’ubumara bwavyo, ivyo bikaba bifise ubumara buhagije kugira ngo bikingire ibimonyo vyakira ubumara bwa formate gushika bifumbishijwe (78, 83). Aside formique zisohora zishobora (1) gukora nk’iferomone y’inkengeri kugira ngo zikwegere ibindi bimonyo; (2) kuba umuti wo kwikingira abawuhiganwa n’ibikoko biwurya; kandi (3) ikora nk’ikintu kirwanya ibicurane n’imigera iyo ifatanijwe n’ivyuma nk’igice c’ibikoresho vy’urusenga (78, 82, 84–88). Asidi ya formique ivuye mu bimonyo irafise ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imigera, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko yoshobora gukoreshwa nk’ikintu co kwongera ku ruhu. Ivyo vyerekanwa na Bruch n’abandi. (88), bongeyeko aside formique synthétique kuri iyo resine maze baratuma iyo resine igira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibicurane. Ibindi bimenyamenya vyerekana ko aside formique ikora neza be n’akamaro kayo mu binyabuzima ni uko ibikoko bininibinini birya ibimonyo, bidashobora gutanga aside yo mu nda, birya ibimonyo birimwo aside formique kugira ngo vyironke aside formique yihariye nk’iyindi nzira yo gufasha mu gufata ibiribwa (89).
Ikoreshwa ry’aside formique mu burimyi ryaramaze imyaka myinshi risuzumwa kandi ryigwa. Cane cane, aside formique ishobora gukoreshwa nk’ivyo kwongera ku vyo kurya vy’ibikoko no ku vyo kurya vy’ibikoko. Sodium formate mu buryo bukomeye n’ubw’amazi ifatwa ko ari nziza ku bwoko bwose bw’ibikoko, ku bazikoresha no ku bidukikije (90). Hashingiwe ku vyo basuzumye (90), igitigiri c’ibifungurwa bingana n’imigera 10.000 mg/ikilo c’ibifungurwa vyabonwa ko ari vyiza ku bwoko bwose bw’ibikoko, mu gihe igitigiri c’ibifungurwa bingana n’imigera 12.000 mg/ikilo c’ibifungurwa vyabonwa ko ari vyiza ku ngurube. Ikoreshwa rya aside formique nk’ikintu co gutuma ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko bimera neza, ryaramaze imyaka myinshi ryigwa. Ibonwa ko ifise agaciro k’ubudandaji nk’ikintu co kuzigama ivyatsi vy’ibitoke (silage) no kurwanya imigera mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko n’inkoko.
Ivyongera mu miti nk’aside vyamye ari ikintu gihambaye mu guhingura silage no mu gucunga ibifungurwa (91, 92). Boreani n’abandi. (91) bavuze ko kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gutanga umusaruro mwiza w’inyama z’ingurube zifise akamaro kanini bikenewe ko umuntu aguma afise uburyo bwiza bw’ibifungurwa vy’ibitoke mu gihe aguma afise ibintu vyumye vyinshi bishoboka. Ico bivamwo ni ugugabanya ibihombo mu ntambwe zose z’igikorwa co gutera ivyatsi: kuva ku gihe c’intango c’ubuzima bw’umwuka mu nzira y’amazi gushika ku gihe c’ugutumba, ku kubika no gusubira gufungura iyo nzira kugira ngo umuntu afungure. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gutuma ivyatsi vyo mu mirima bimera neza no gutuma ivyatsi bimera neza mu nyuma vyaravuzwe mu buryo burambuye ahandi (91, 93-95) kandi ntibuzovugwa mu buryo burambuye hano. Ikibazo nyamukuru ni ugusenyuka kw’imisemburo n’ibikoko iyo umwuka w’ikirere (oxygène) uri mu mfuruka y’ivyatsi (91, 92). Ni co gituma hashizweho imiti y’ibinyabuzima n’ibindi bikoresho vy’imiti kugira ngo birwanye ingaruka mbi z’ukwonona (91, 92). Ibindi vyo kwiyumvira ku bijanye n’ivyo kwongera ku mfungurwa z’ivyatsi ni uguhagarika ukwiragira kw’ibitera indwara bishobora kuba biri mu mfungurwa z’ivyatsi (nk’akarorero, E. coli, Listeria, na Salmonella zitera indwara) hamwe n’ibiherere ku mubiri bitera ubumara bwa mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack n’abandi. (92) baciye mu mice ibiri ivy’inyongera vy’aside. Asidi nka propionic, acetic, sorbic, na benzoic zituma ivyatsi biguma bikomeye iyo bigaburirwa ibikoko bivyara mu kugabanya ukura kw’imisemburo n’ibikoko (92). Mack n’abandi. (92) batandukanije aside formique n’izindi aside maze babona ko ari ikintu gitera aside ataco kivuze kibuza clostridia n’imigera y’ivyatsi bishobora kwonona mu gihe kigumya ubutungane bwa poroteyine y’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi. Mu bikorwa, uburyo bwavyo bw’umunyu ni bwo buryo busanzwe bw’imiti kugira ngo umuntu yirinde ubushobozi bwo gusenyura bw’aside ziri mu buryo butagira umunyu (91). Imigwi myinshi y’abashakashatsi kandi yarize aside formique nk’ikintu co kwongera aside ku mfungurwa z’ibitoke. Asidi ya formique izwi kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhindura aside ningoga be n’ingaruka zayo zo kubuza gukura kw’imigera y’ivyatsi bitera ingorane igabanura poroteyine n’ibirungo vy’ivyatsi bishobora gusenyuka mu mazi (99). Ni co gituma We n’abandi. (92) bagereranije aside formique n’ibindi vyongera aside mu mfungurwa z’ivyatsi. (100) vyerekanye ko aside formique ishobora guhagarika Escherichia coli no kugabanya pH y’inyama z’ingurube. Ivyatsi vy’imigera bitanga aside ya formique n’iya lactic na vyo nyene vyarongewe ku mfuruka y’ivyatsi kugira ngo bivyure aside n’aside y’ibinyabuzima (101). Nkako, Cooley n’abandi. (101) basanze iyo silage ihinduwe aside n’aside formique 3% (w/v), ivyimburwa vy’aside ya lactic n’iya formique vyarenga 800 na 1000 mg y’aside y’ibinyabuzima/100 g y’akarorero, uko bikurikirana. Mack n’abandi. (92) basubiyemwo mu buryo burambuye ibitabu vy’ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’ivyo kwongera ku mfuruka y’ivyatsi, harimwo n’ivyigwa vyasohowe kuva mu 2000 vyibanda ku bijanye n’aside formique n’izindi aside. Ku bw’ivyo, iri suzuma ntirizovuga ku nyigisho z’umuntu ku giti ciwe mu buryo burambuye ahubwo rizoca irya n’ino gusa ingingo zimwezimwe z’ingenzi zijanye n’ingene aside formique ikora neza nk’ikintu co kwongera ku mfuruka z’ivyatsi. Asidi formique idafise ubumara n’iyifise ubumara vyose vyarize kandi kenshi na kenshi Clostridium spp. Ibikorwa vyayo bihuye (ugufata ibifungurwa birimwo ibinure, poroteyine, n’ibifungurwa birimwo amavuta n’ugusohora butyrate) bikunda kugabanuka, mu gihe uguhingura amoniya na butyrate bigabanuka kandi n’ugufata ibintu vyumye bikagwira (92). Hariho aho aside formique idakora neza, ariko iyo ikoreshwa nk’ikintu co kwongera ku mfuruka z’ivyatsi (silage) ifatanijwe n’izindi aside bisa n’ibishobora gutsinda bimwe muri ivyo bibazo (92).
Asidi ya formique irashobora guhagarika imigera itera indwara ishobora gutera ingorane ubuzima bw’umuntu. Nk’akarorero, Pauly na Tam (102) baciye bacandaga utuzu dutoduto two mu laboratwari L. monocytogenes turimwo ingero zitatu zitandukanye z’ibintu vyumye (200, 430, na 540 g/kg) vy’ivyatsi vy’umuceri hanyuma bakabishiramwo aside formique (3 ml/kg) canke imigera y’aside lactic (8/50g) Bavuze ko iyo miti yompi yagabanyije L. monocytogenes ku rugero rudashobora kumenyekana mu mfuruka z’ivyatsi vyumye bike (200 g/kg). Ariko rero, mu bihimba vy’umubiri vyumye biringaniye (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes yari ikiriho inyuma y’imisi 30 mu bihimba vy’umubiri vyari vyakoreshejwe aside formique. Igabanuka rya L. monocytogenes ryabonetse ko rifitaniye isano n’ugugabanya pH, aside lactic, n’aside zitagira isano zihuriweko. Nk’akarorero, Pauly na Tam (102) bavuze ko aside lactic n’ingero za aside zitagira aho zigarukira zihuriweko vyari bihambaye cane, ivyo bishobora kuba ari vyo vyatumye ata kugabanya kwa L. monocytogenes kwabonetse mu bikoresho vyakoreshejwe aside formique bivuye mu bihimba vy’umubiri bifise ibintu vyumye vyinshi. Ivyigwa nk’ivyo nyene bikwiye gukorwa muri kazoza ku bindi bikoko bitera indwara bikunze kuboneka nk’ivyo bita Salmonella n’ivyo bikoko bitera indwara E. coli. Isesengura ry’urutonde rwa 16S rDNA ry’umuryango wose w’imigera y’ivyatsi bishobora kandi gufasha kumenya amahinduka mu mubare wose w’imigera y’ivyatsi bishika mu ntambwe zitandukanye z’ugutumba kw’ivyatsi iyo hariho aside formique (103). Kuronka amakuru y’ibinyabuzima bitobito bishobora gutanga infashanyo y’isesengura kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kumenya neza ingene ivy’ugutumba kw’inyama z’ingurube bizogenda no gutegura uburyo bwiza bwo kwongerako kugira ngo inyama z’ingurube zibe nziza cane.
Mu ngaburo y’ibikoko ishingiye ku ntete, aside formique ikoreshwa nk’ikintu co kurwanya imigera kugira ngo igabanye urugero rw’ibitera indwara mu mafunguro atandukanye akomoka ku ntete hamwe n’ibirungo bimwebimwe vy’ibifungurwa nk’ibikomoka ku bikoko. Ingaruka ku binyabuzima bitera indwara mu nkoko no mu bindi bikoko zishobora guca mu mice ibiri: ingaruka zitaziguye ku binyabuzima bitera indwara mu biribwa ubwavyo n’ingaruka zitaziguye ku binyabuzima bitera indwara bikoloniza inzira y’amara y’ibikoko bimaze kurya ivyo biryo vyavuwe (20, 21, 104). Biragaragara ko ivyo bice bibiri bifitaniye isano, kuko kugabanya ibitera indwara mu ngaburo bikwiye gutuma habaho ukugabanya ubukoloni iyo igikoko kirya ivyo ngaburo. Ariko rero, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imigera bw’aside yinaka yongerewe ku mfuruka y’ibifungurwa burashobora guterwa n’ibintu vyinshi, nk’ivyo bifungurwa birimwo be n’uburyo iyo aside yongerwamwo (21, 105).
Mu mateka, gukoresha aside formique n’izindi aside zijanye n’ivyo vyari vyibanze canecane ku kugenzura ata guca ku ruhande Salmonella mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko n’inkoko (21). Ivyo vyavuye muri izo nyigisho vyavuzwe mu ncamake mu buryo burambuye mu biganiro vyinshi vyasohowe mu bihe bitandukanye (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), rero bimwe mu bintu nyamukuru vyavuye muri izo nyigisho ni vyo gusa bivugwa muri iri suzuma. Ivyigwa vyinshi vyerekanye ko igikorwa co kurwanya imigera c’aside formique mu bifungurwa biva ku rugero n’igihe umuntu akoresha aside formique, ubukonje buri mu bifungurwa, n’urugero rw’imigera iri mu bifungurwa no mu nzira y’amara y’igikoko (19, 21, 107–109). Ubwoko bw’ibifungurwa n’aho ibirungo vy’ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko biva na vyo nyene biragira ico bikoze. Gutyo, inyigisho zitari nke zerekanye ko urugero rwa Salmonella Ubumara bwa bacteria buvanwa n’ibikomoka ku bikoko bushobora gutandukanywa n’ubwo buvanwa n’ibikomoka ku bimera (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Ariko rero, ukuntu umuntu yishura ku aside nk’aside formique bishobora kuba bifitaniye isano n’ukuntu serovar zishobora kubaho mu vyo umuntu arya be n’ubushuhe ivyo biryo bikoreshwamwo (19, 113, 114). Ubutandukane bw’ingene serovar yishura ku buvuzi bw’aside burashobora kandi kuba ikintu gituma inkoko zanduzwa n’ibifungurwa vyanduye (113, 115), kandi ubutandukane mu bijanye n’uguserura ivyiyumviro vy’ubumara (116) na bwo nyene burashobora kugira uruhara. Ubutandukane mu kwihanganira aside bushobora kandi kugira ico bukoze ku kumenya Salmonella mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga iyo aside ziterwa n’ibifungurwa zidashobora gukingira neza (21, 105, 117–122). Uburyo bw’umubiri bw’ivyo kurya (mu bijanye n’ubunini bw’ibihimba) na bwo nyene burashobora kugira ico bukoze ku kuntu aside formique iboneka mu nzira y’amara (123).
Ingamba zo gutuma aside formique yongerwa mu biribwa igira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imigera na zo nyene ni ngirakamaro cane. Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’aside vyasabwe ku birungo vy’ibifungurwa bifise ubuhumane bwinshi imbere y’uko ibifungurwa bivangwa kugira ngo bigabanye ivyonona ibikoresho vy’insyo y’ibifungurwa n’ingorane zo kuryohera ibifungurwa vy’ibikoko (105). Jones (51) yashitse ku ciyumviro c’uko Salmonella ziri mu biribwa imbere y’uko zisukurwa n’imiti zigoye gucungera kuruta Salmonella zikorana n’ibifungurwa inyuma yo gusukurwa n’imiti. Gukoresha ubushuhe mu gihe co gutunganya ibifungurwa ku gisyo c’ibifungurwa vyasabwe nk’uburyo bwo kugabanya ubuhumane bwa Salmonella mu bifungurwa, ariko ivyo bivana n’ivyo ibifungurwa birimwo, ubunini bw’ibice, n’ibindi bintu bijanye n’ugutunganya ibifungurwa (51). Ibikorwa vy’aside vyo kurwanya imigera na vyo nyene bivana n’ubushuhe, kandi ubushuhe burengeye iyo hari aside z’ibinyabuzima bushobora kugira ingaruka zibuza Salmonella, nk’uko bigaragara mu mico kama y’amazi ya Salmonella (124, 125). Ivyigwa vyinshi vyerekeye ibifungurwa vyandujwe na Salmonella bishigikira iciyumviro c’uko ubushuhe burengeye bwongerera ubushobozi bw’aside ziri mu bifungurwa (106, 113, 126). Amado n’abandi. (127) bakoresheje ubuhinga bwo gukorana n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri kugira ngo bige ukuntu ubushuhe n’aside (aside formique canke lactic) bikorana mu bwoko 10 bwa Salmonella enterica na Escherichia coli bwatandukanijwe n’ibifungurwa vy’inka bitandukanye maze bucandwa mu bihimba vy’inka vy’aside. Baciye bafata ingingo y’uko ubushuhe ari bwo buhambaye cane bugira ico bukoze ku kugabanya imigera, hamwe n’aside be n’ubwoko bw’imigera yitandukanije. Ingaruka y’ugukorana n’aside iracari nyinshi, rero ubushuhe bukeyi n’ivy’aside bishobora gukoreshwa. Ariko kandi, barabonye ko ingaruka z’ubufatanye zitahora ziboneka iyo hakoreshejwe aside formique, ivyo bikaba vyatumye bakeka ko uguhinduka kw’aside formique ku bushuhe bwinshi canke ingaruka z’ugukingira ibihimba vy’umubiri w’ibifungurwa ari co kintu.
Gugabanya igihe ibifungurwa bishobora kumara imbere y’uko bigaburirwa ibikoko ni uburyo bumwe bwo kugenzura ukuntu ibitera indwara biva ku bifungurwa vyinjira mu mubiri w’igikoko mu gihe co kubigaburira. Ariko rero, iyo aside iri muri ivyo biryo imaze kwinjira mu nzira y’amaraso, irashobora kubandanya ikora igikorwa cayo co kurwanya imigera. Ibikorwa vyo kurwanya imigera vy’ibintu bifise aside biva hanze mu nzira y’amara bishobora kuva ku bintu bitandukanye, harimwo n’urugero rw’aside yo mu nda, ahantu inzira y’amara ikora, pH n’umwuka w’ikirere biri mu nzira y’amara, imyaka y’igikoko, n’igitigiri c’ibikoko bifise aside ( bivana n’aho umutsi w’insogi uri be n’ukuntu igikoko gikuze) (21, 24, 128–132). Ikindi, igitigiri c’imigera y’ibinyabuzima bitagira umwuka iba mu nzira y’amara (ikaba ari yo igira ububasha mu nzira y’amaraso yo hasi y’ibikoko bifise inda imwe uko bikura) ikora cane aside z’ibinyabuzima biciye mu gutuma ibintu bimera, ivyo na vyo bikaba bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bitera indwara vy’igihe gito (gastro–11 entering the9).
Benshi mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwari bwibanda ku gukoresha aside z’ibinyabuzima, harimwo n’ivyo bita formate, kugira ngo bigabanye Salmonella mu nzira y’amara y’inkoko, ivyo bikaba vyaravuzwe mu buryo burambuye mu biganiro vyinshi (12, 20, 21). Iyo izo nyigisho zisuzumwe hamwe, umuntu arashobora kubona ibintu vyinshi vy’agaciro. McHan na Shotts (133) bavuze ko kugaburira inkoko aside formique na propionic vyagabanya urugero rwa Salmonella Typhimurium mu gitereko c’inkoko zaciwe iyo migera, maze bakayipima ku misi 7, 14 na 21. Ariko rero, igihe Hume n’abandi. (128) bakurikiranye propionate ifise ikimenyetso ca C-14, baciye bafata ingingo y’uko propionate nke cane mu vyo barya ishobora gushika mu gitereko c’umubiri. Hasigaye kumenya nimba ivyo ari ukuri no ku bijanye n’aside formique. Ariko rero, ubushize Bourassa n’abandi. (134) bavuze ko kugaburira aside formique na propionic vyagabanya urugero rwa Salmonella Typhimurium mu gitereko c’inkoko zaciwe iyo migera, ivyo bikaba vyagereranywa ku misi 7, 14 na 21. (132) bavuze ko kugaburira inkoko z’ingurube aside formique ku 4 g/t mu kiringo c’indwi 6 z’ukukura vyagabanyije ivyiyumviro vya S. Typhimurium mu gitereko c’umubiri bishika munsi y’urugero rwo kumenya.
Kuba hariho aside formique mu vyo umuntu arya bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bindi bice vy’umubiri w’inkoko. Al-Tarazi na Alshavabkeh (134) berekanye ko uruvange rw’aside formique n’aside propiyonique rushobora kugabanya ubuhumane bw’indwara ya Salmonella (S. PRlorum) mu bihingwa no mu nyama z’umubiri. Thompson na Hinton (129) babonye ko uruvange rw’aside formique n’aside propionic ruboneka mu maduka rwongerera ivyiyumviro vy’izo aside zompi mu bihingwa no mu nyama z’ingurube kandi rwari rwica imigera Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 mu buryo bw’in vitro mu buryo bwo kurera buserukira. Ico ciyumviro gishigikirwa n’amakuru y’in vivo ya Bird n’abandi. (135) yongeyeko aside formique ku mazi yo kunywa y’inkoko z’ingurube mu kiringo c’ukwisonzesha kigereranywa imbere y’uko zirungikwa mu bwato, nk’uko nyene inkoko z’ingurube zisiba imbere y’uko zijanwa mu kigo gitunganya inkoko. Kwongerako aside formique ku mazi yo kunywa vyatumye umubare wa S. Typhimurium mu bihingwa no mu bihingwa vy’umubiri ugabanuka, n’incuro z’ibihingwa bifise S. Typhimurium zigabanuka, ariko ntivyagabanutse (135). Gutegura uburyo bwo gutanga aside zishobora gukingira aside z’ibinyabuzima mu gihe zikora mu gice co hasi c’insogi vyoshobora gutuma zikora neza. Nk’akarorero, gushiramwo aside formique mu bihimba vy’umubiri bifise amabara makeyi (microcapsulaire) no kuyishira mu vyo kurya, vyerekanwa ko bigabanya igitigiri c’ibikoko bita Salmonella Enteritidis mu bihimba vy’umubiri (136). Ariko rero, ivyo birashobora guhinduka bivanye n’ubwoko bw’ibikoko. Nk’akarorero, Walia n’abandi. (137) ntibabonye ko Salmonella igabanutse mu cecum canke mu nzira y’amaraso y’ingurube z’imisi 28 zagaburiwe ikivange ca aside formique, aside citric, n’amavuta y’agaciro, kandi naho Salmonella isohoka mu mara yagabanutse ku musi wa 14, ntiyagabanutse ku musi wa 28. vyabujijwe.
Naho inyigisho zijanye n’aside formique nk’umuti urwanya imigera mu bworozi bw’ibitungwa zari zishingiye canecane ku migera ya Salmonella iterwa n’ibifungurwa, hariho kandi inyigisho zimwe zimwe zijanye n’izindi ndwara zitera indwara zo mu nda. Ivyigwa vyakozwe na Kovanda n’abandi. (68) bavuga ko aside formique ishobora kandi gukora neza ku bindi bikoko bitera indwara ziterwa n’ibifungurwa vyo mu nda, harimwo Escherichia coli na Campylobacter jejuni. Ivyigwa vya kera vyerekanye ko aside z’ibinyabuzima (nk’akarorero, aside ya lactic) n’imivango y’ubudandaji irimwo aside formique nk’ikirungo bishobora kugabanya urugero rwa Campylobacter mu nkoko (135, 138). Ariko rero, nk’uko vyavuzwe mbere na Beyer n’abandi. (67), gukoresha aside formique nk’umuti wo kurwanya imigera ya Campylobacter bishobora gusaba ko umuntu yiyubara. Ivyo vyavumbuwe ni ingorane cane cane ku bijanye n’inyongera z’ibifungurwa vy’inkoko kuko aside formique ari yo nzira nyamukuru y’inguvu zo guhema za C. jejuni. Ikindi kandi, igice c’ibarabara ryayo ryo mu nda ciyumvirwa ko kiva ku kugaburira kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri n’ibintu bivanze vy’ugutumba kw’aside biva ku migera yo mu nda, nka formate (139). Ivyo vyiyumviro birafise ishingiro kanaka. Kubera ko formate ari umuti ukwegeranya C. jejuni, ivyimburwa bibiri bifise ubumuga muri formate dehydrogenase na hydrogenase vyagabanyije igitigiri c’ugukolonizwa kw’ibihimba vy’irondoka mu nkoko z’ingurube ugereranyije n’imigera ya C. jejuni y’ubwoko bw’ishamba (140, 141). Ntibiramenyekana neza ukuntu gufata aside formique yo hanze bigira ico bikoze ku gukoloniza kw’inzira y’amara n’indwara ya C. jejuni mu nkoko. Ivyiyumviro vy’ukuri vy’ivyo bita formate mu nda bishobora kuba bike kubera ko formate ihindurwa n’izindi migera yo mu nda canke ukuntu formate inywanywa mu nzira yo hejuru y’amara, rero ibintu vyinshi bishobora gutuma ivyo bihinduka. Ikindi, formate ni ikintu gishobora gutuma umubiri ugira ibinure biva ku migera imwimwe yo mu nda, ivyo bikaba bishobora kugira ico bikoze ku rugero rwose rwa formate mu nda. Gupima igitigiri c’ivyo bita formate biri mu nda no kumenya ivy’ivyatsi bita formate dehydrogenase hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa metagenomics birashobora gutuma umuntu amenya imice imwimwe y’ibidukikije vy’imigera itanga formate.
Roth n’abandi. (142) bagereranije ingaruka zo kugaburira inkoko z’ingurube umuti wo kurwanya indwara witwa enrofloxacin canke uruvange rw’aside formique, acétique na propionique ku gukwiragira kw’indwara ya Escherichia coli idashobora gukira imigera. Ivyimburwa vyose hamwe n’ibishobora guhangana n’imiti irwanya indwara vya E. coli vyaharuwe mu bipimo vy’amavyi vy’inkoko z’ingurube z’umusi umwe no mu bipimo vy’amavyi y’inkoko z’ingurube z’imisi 14 n’iminsi 38. Ivyimburwa vya E. coli vyageragejwe kugira ngo bimenyekane ko bishobora guhangana n’imiti yitwa ampicilline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacine, streptomycine, sulfamethoxazole na tetracycline hakurikijwe ibihe vy’uguhagarara vyari vyategekanijwe mbere ku miti yose irwanya indwara. Igihe igitigiri c’ibikoko vya E. coli vyagereranywa kandi bikagaragazwa, nta enrofloxacin canke ivy’inyongera vy’aside vyahinduye igitigiri cose c’ibikoko vya E. coli vyatanzwe mu ceca y’inkoko z’ingurube z’imisi 17 n’iminsi 28. Inyoni zari zigaburiwe ivyokurya vy’inyongera vy’imiti yitwa enrofloxacin zari zifise urugero rwongerekanye rw’imigera ya E. coli ishobora guhangana n’imiti yitwa ciprofloxacin, streptomycine, sulfamethoxazole, na tetracycline, kandi zari zigabanutse mu rugero rw’imigera ya E. coli ishobora guhangana n’imiti yitwa cefotaxime mu ceca. Inyoni zagaburiwe iyo cocktail zari zagabanutse igitigiri c’ibikoko bita E. coli bishobora guhangana n’imiti yitwa ampicillin na tetracycline mu ceca ugereranyije n’inyoni zari zigaburiwe n’izo zari zigaburiwe enrofloxacin. Inyoni zagaburiwe iyo aside ivanze na zo nyene zaragabanutse igitigiri c’ibikoko bita E. coli bishobora guhangana na ciprofloxacin na sulfamethoxazole mu gitereko c’umubiri ugereranyije n’inyoni zagaburiwe enrofloxacin. Uburyo aside zigabanya igitigiri c’ibikoko bita E. coli bishobora guhangana n’imiti igabanya ububabare ataco bigabanya igitigiri cose c’ibikoko bita E. coli, buracari butamenyekana. Ariko rero, ivyo vyavuye mu cigwa cakozwe na Roth n’abandi. birahuye n’ivyo mu mugwi w’imiti yitwa enrofloxacin. (142) Ivyo bishobora kuba ikimenyetso c’uko ugukwiragira kw’imitsi y’umubiri ishobora guhangana n’imiti irwanya indwara muri E. coli kugabanutse, nk’imiti igabanya ububabare ifatanye n’imigera ya plasmide yadondowe na Cabezon n’abandi. (143). Vyoba vyiza hakozwe isesengura ryinshi ry’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imiti igabanya ububabare bufashwa na plasmide mu bantu bo mu mara y’inkoko iyo hariho ibintu vy’inyongera mu ngaburo nk’aside formique no kurushiriza gutunganya iyo nseguro mu gusuzuma ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imiti y’inkoko mu mara.
Gutegura ibintu vyiza vyo kwongera ku ngaburo zirwanya imigera bitera indwara, vyoshobora kugira ingaruka nke ku bimera vyose vyo mu nda, cane cane ku binyabuzima bibonwa ko ari ngirakamaro ku muntu abikira. Ariko rero, aside z’ibinyabuzima zitangwa hanze zishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku binyabuzima bitobito vyo mu nda biba mu nda kandi ku rugero runaka zigatuma zidashobora gukingira indwara. Nk’akarorero, Thompson na Hinton (129) babonye ko urugero rwa aside lactic y’ibiterwa rwagabanutse mu nkoko zivyara zigaburirwa uruvange rw’aside formique na propionic, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko kuba hariho izo aside organiques exogènes mu bihingwa vyatuma lactobacillis z’ibiterwa zigabanuka. Lactobacilli z’ibiterwa zifatwa nk’intambamyi ku Salmonella, rero guhungabanya iyo microbiota y’ibiterwa iba mu bihingwa bishobora kuba bibi ku kugabanya neza ubukoloni bwa Salmonella mu nzira y’amara (144). Açıkgöz n’abandi. basanze ingaruka z’inyoni zishobora kuba ziri munsi y’insogi zishobora kuba ziri hasi. (145) Nta tandukaniro ryabonetse mu bimera vyose vyo mu mara canke mu mibare ya Escherichia coli mu nkoko z’inkoko z’ingurube zimaze imisi 42 zinywa amazi yashizwemwo aside ya formique. Abanditsi bavuze ko ivyo bishobora kuba biterwa n’uko formate ihindurwa mu nzira yo hejuru y’insogi, nk’uko vyabonetse n’abandi bashakashatsi bakoresheje aside z’ibinure zifise urudodo rugufi (SCFA) (128, 129).
Gukingira aside formique biciye ku buryo bumwebumwe bwo kuyipfuka birashobora kuyifasha gushika mu nzira yo hasi y’amara. (146) bavuze ko aside ya formique microencapsulated yongeye cane umubare wose w’aside y’ibinure (SCFA) iri mu gitereko c’ingurube ugereranyije n’ingurube zagaburiwe aside ya formique itarinzwe. Ico ciyumviro catumye abo banditsi bavuga yuko aside formique ishobora gushika neza mu gice co hasi c’umubiri iyo irindwa neza. Ariko rero, ibindi bipimo vyinshi, nk’ivy’ivyuma bita formate na lactate, naho vyari vyinshi kuruta ivyo mu ngurube zagaburiwe ibiribwa vy’igenzura, ntivyari bitandukanye mu mibare n’ivyo mu ngurube zagaburiwe ibiribwa bitagiramwo formate. Naho ingurube zagaburiwe aside formique itarinzwe n’iyikingiye zagaragaje ko aside ya lactic yiyongera hafi incuro zitatu, igitigiri c’ama lactobacilli nticahindutse n’ivyo bivuzi vyose bibiri. Ubwo butandukaniro bushobora kugaragara cane ku bindi bikoko bitobito bitanga aside ya lactic mu gitereko c’umubiri (1) bitamenyekana n’ubwo buryo be n’/canke (2) igikorwa cavyo co guhindura ibiribwa bigira ico bikoze, gutyo bikahindura uburyo bwo gutuma umubiri ugira aside ya lactic ku buryo lactobacillis zituye zitanga aside ya lactic nyinshi.
Kugira ngo umuntu yige neza ingaruka z’ivyo kwongera ku ngaburo ku nzira y’amaraso y’ibikoko vyo mu mirima, birakenewe uburyo bwo kumenya imigera bufise ubushobozi bwo gutahura neza cane. Mu myaka mikeyi iheze, urutonde rw’uruvyaro rukurikira (NGS) rw’uruvyaro rwa 16S RNA rwakoreshejwe mu kumenya imigwi y’imigera no kugereranya ubwoko bw’imiryango y’imigera (147), ivyo vyatumye umuntu atahura neza imigenderanire iri hagati y’ivyongera mu vyo kurya n’ibikoko vyo mu nda nk’ibikoko vyo mu nda vy’ibifungurwa.
Ivyigwa vyinshi vyakoresheje urutonde rw’ibinyabuzima bitobito kugira ngo bisuzume inyishu y’ibinyabuzima bitobito vyo mu nda y’inkoko ku bijanye n’ivyo kurya vy’inyongera. Oakley n’abandi. (148) bakoze inyigisho ku nkoko z’ingurube zifise imisi 42 zishizwemwo imiti itandukanye y’aside formique, aside propionique be n’aside y’ibinure y’uruzitiro rwo hagati mu mazi zinywa canke mu vyo zirya. Inkoko zakingiwe zari zarwanijwe n’umugera wa Salmonella typhimurium ushobora guhangana n’aside ya nalidixic maze ceca zazo zikurwako zifise imisi 0, 7, 21 na 42. Ivyitegererezo vya Cecal vyateguwe ku 454 pyrosequencing kandi ibivuye mu gukurikiranya vyasuzumwe kugira ngo bishirwe mu migwi no kugereranya ukuntu bisa. Muri rusangi, ubuvuzi ntibwagira ico bukoze cane ku rugero rwa microbiome y’amaraso canke S. Typhimurium. Ariko rero, muri rusangi igitigiri c’abantu bamenya Salmonella caragabanutse uko inyoni zagenda zikura, nk’uko vyemezwa n’isesengura ry’imigwi y’ibinyabuzima bitobito, kandi ubwinshi bw’urutonde rwa Salmonella na bwo nyene bwaragabanutse uko igihe cagenda kirarenga. Abanditsi bavuga ko uko inkoko z’inkoko zagenda zikura, ubwoko bw’imigera yo mu nda bwagenda buragwira, hakaba hariho amahinduka akomeye cane mu bimera vyo mu nda yabonetse mu migwi yose y’abavuzi. Mu cigwa giherutse gukorwa, Hu n’abandi. (149) bagereranije ingaruka z’ukunywa amazi no kugaburira ibiribwa vyuzuye uruvange rw’aside z’ibinyabuzima (aside formique, aside asetike, aside propionique, na formate d’amonium) na virginiamycine ku bipimo vy’imigera y’ibinyabuzima vyo mu nda vy’inkoko z’ingurube zakoranijwe mu ntambwe zibiri (iminsi 1–21 n’imisi 222). Naho hariho itandukaniro mu bijanye n’ubudasa bw’imigera ya cecal ryabonetse mu mirwi y’abavuzi ku myaka 21, nta tandukaniro ry’ubudasa bw’imigera α- canke β-yabonetse ku misi 42. Kubera ko ata ntandukaniro zihari ku myaka 42, abo banditsi baciye bavuga ko akamaro ko gukura gashobora kuba gaterwa n’uko hashingwa imbere y’igihe imigera itandukanye cane.
Isesengura ry’imigera ryibanda gusa ku muryango w’imigera yo mu nda rishobora kutagaragaza aho mu nzira y’amaraso ingaruka nyinshi z’aside z’ibinyabuzima ziri mu vyo kurya zibera. Microbiome yo mu nzira yo hejuru y’inkoko z’ingurube ishobora gushikirwa cane n’ingaruka z’aside z’ibinyabuzima ziri mu vyo zirya, nk’uko vyerekanwa n’ivyavuye mu bikorwa vya Hume n’abandi. (128). Hume n’abandi. (128) vyerekanye ko igice kinini c’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vyitwa propionate vyongewe hanze vyinjira mu gice co hejuru c’amara c’inyoni. Ivyigwa biherutse gukorwa ku bijanye n’ibiranga imigera yo mu nda na vyo nyene birashigikira ico ciyumviro. Nava n’abandi. (150) vyerekanye ko gufatanya uruvange rw’aside z’ibinyabuzima [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], aside formique, n’aside propionic (HFP) vyagira ico bikoze ku binyabuzima vyo mu mara bigatuma Lactobacillus igira ubukoloni mu mara y’inkoko. Vuba aha, Goodarzi Borojeni n’abandi. (150) vyerekanye ko gufatanya umuvango w’aside y’ibinyabuzima [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)aside butyric], aside ya formique, n’aside ya propionic (HFP) vyagira ico bikoze ku binyabuzima vyo mu mara bigatuma Lactobacillus igira ubukoloni mu mara y’inkoko. (151) bize kugaburira inkoko z’ingurube umuvango w’aside formique n’aside propionique ku rugero rubiri (0,75% na 1,50%) mu kiringo c’imisi 35. Igerageza ryarangiye, igiterwa, inda, ibice bibiri vya gatatu vy’inyuma vy’ibara ry’umubiri, n’ibara ry’umubiri ry’umubiri (cecum) vyakuweho hanyuma hafatwa ivyerekanwa kugira ngo hasuzumwe igitigiri c’ibimera vy’inda n’ibintu bihinduka mu mubiri hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa RT-PCR. Mu mico kama, ukwiyongera kw’aside z’ibinyabuzima ntikwagira ico gukoze ku bwinshi bwa Lactobacillus canke Bifidobacterium, ahubwo kwatumye habaho ubwinshi bw’ibikoko vyitwa Clostridium. Mu nzira y’amaraso, ivyo vyahindutse gusa ni ukugabanya Lactobacillus na Enterobacter, mu gihe mu nzira y’amaraso ivyo bimera vyagumye bitahindutse (151). Ku bijanye n’ivy’inyongera vy’aside y’ibinyabuzima vyinshi cane, ivyimburwa vyose vy’aside y’ibinyabuzima (D na L) vyagabanutse mu giterwa, ivyimburwa vy’aside zompi z’ibinyabuzima vyagabanutse mu gizza, ivyimburwa vy’aside y’ibinyabuzima na vyo bikaba vyagabanutse mu gitereko. Nta mpinduka zariho mu ileum. Ku bijanye n’aside z’ibinure zifise urudodo rugufi (SCFAs), ihinduka ryonyene ryabaye mu bihingwa no mu nyama z’inyoni zigaburirwa aside z’ibinyabuzima ryari mu rugero rwa propionate. Inyoni zagaburiwe aside y’ibinyabuzima iri hasi cane, zarerekanye ko propionate mu giterwa yiyongera hafi incuro cumi, mu gihe inyoni zagaburiwe aside organique zibiri zariyongereye incuro umunani n’incuro cumi n’itanu mu gizard, uko bikurikirana. Ukwo kwiyongera kw’ivyo bita acetate mu ileum kwari munsi y’incuro zibiri. Muri rusangi, ayo makuru ashigikira iciyumviro c’uko ingaruka nyinshi z’ugukoresha aside y’ibinyabuzima yo hanze zari zigaragara mu mwimbu, mu gihe aside y’ibinyabuzima yari ifise ingaruka nke ku migera yo mu nda yo hasi, bikaba vyerekana ko uburyo bwo gutuma ibimera vyo mu nda yo hejuru bishobora kuba vyahinduwe.
Biragaragara ko bikenewe gusobanura neza cane imigera kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe neza ingene imigera yishura ku bijanye n’ivyo bita formate mu nzira yose y’insogi. Isesengura ry’imbere ry’imigera y’ibice vy’umubiri vyihariye vyo mu nda, cane cane ibice vyo hejuru nk’igiterwa, rishobora gutuma umuntu agira ubumenyi bwinshi ku bijanye n’uguhitamwo imigwi imwimwe y’imigera. Ibikorwa vyavyo vy’uguhindura ibiribwa n’ivy’uguhindura ibiribwa birashobora kandi kugaragaza nimba bifitaniye isano ry’ububisha n’ibitera indwara vyinjira mu nzira y’amara. Vyoshobora kandi gushimisha gukora isesengura ry’ibihimba vy’umubiri kugira ngo hamenyekane nimba gushikirwa n’ibintu vy’imiti vy’aside mu kiringo c’ubuzima bw’inyoni bihitamwo imigera myinshi “yihanganira aside”, be n’uko kubaho n’/canke igikorwa c’uguhindura ibiribwa vy’izo migera vyoba ari intambamyi y’inyongera ku gutera indwara.
Asidi ya formique imaze imyaka myinshi ikoreshwa nk’ikintu co kwongera mu ngaburo y’ibikoko no nk’ikintu gitera asidi y’ibitoke. Kimwe mu bikoresho vyayo nyamukuru ni igikorwa cayo co kurwanya imigera kugira ngo kigabanye umubare w’ibitera indwara biri mu ngaburo n’ugukurikirana kwavyo mu nzira y’amara y’inyoni. Ivyigwa vyakozwe mu bikoresho vy’ubushakashatsi vyerekanye ko aside formique ari umuti mwiza cane wo kurwanya Salmonella n’ibindi bitera indwara. Ariko rero, gukoresha aside formique mu bifungurwa bishobora kugabanywa n’urugero runini rw’ibintu bifise ubuzima biri mu bifungurwa be n’ubushobozi bwavyo bwo gukingira. Asidi ya formique isa n’iyigira ingaruka mbi ku ndwara ya Salmonella n’izindi ndwara iyo umuntu ayiriye biciye mu vyo arya canke mu mazi yo kunywa. Ariko rero, iyo nzira y’ububisha ibaho canecane mu gice co hejuru c’insogi, kuko aside formique ishobora kugabanywa mu gice co hasi c’insogi, nk’uko bigenda kuri aside propionique. Iciyumviro co kurinda aside formique biciye mu gupfuka itanga uburyo bushoboka bwo gushikana aside nyinshi mu nzira y’amara yo hasi. Ikindi kandi, inyigisho zerekanye ko uruvange rw’aside z’ibinyabuzima rufasha cane mu gutuma inkoko zikora neza kuruta gukoresha aside imwe (152). Campylobacter iri mu nzira y’amara ishobora kwishura mu buryo butandukanye iyo ikoresheje formate, kuko ishobora gukoresha formate nk’umutanga electron, kandi formate ni yo itanga inguvu nyamukuru. Ntibisobanutse neza nimba kwongerera formate mu nzira y’amara vyoba vyiza kuri Campylobacter, kandi ivyo bishobora kutaba bivanye n’ibindi bimera vyo mu nda bishobora gukoresha formate nk’ivyo gutera.
Ivyigwa vy’inyongera birakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z’aside formique yo mu nda ku mikorobe idatera indwara iba mu nda. Turahitamwo guhitamwo ibintu bitera indwara ataco bihungabanya ku bihimba vy’umubiri bifise akamaro ku muntu abikira. Ariko rero, ivyo bisaba gusuzuma bimwe bikomeye urutonde rw’imigera y’ivyo bihimba vy’imigera biba mu nda. Naho hari inyigisho zasohowe ku bijanye n’imigera y’inyoni zivuwe n’aside formique, birakenewe ko umuntu yitwararika cane umuryango w’imigera yo mu nda yo hejuru. Kumenya imigera n’ukugereranya ivyo bisa hagati y’imigwi y’imigera yo mu nda iyo hari canke ata aside formique iriho bishobora kuba ari insobanuro idatunganye. Ibindi bipimo, harimwo n’ivy’imibiri n’ivy’imibiri, birakenewe kugira ngo bigaragaze itandukaniro ry’imikorere hagati y’imigwi isa n’iyo. Mwene ivyo bimenyetso ni ngirakamaro kugira ngo haboneke isano hagati y’umuryango w’imigera yo mu nda n’inyishu z’inyoni ku bikoresho bitera imbere bishingiye kuri aside formique. Gufatanya uburyo bwinshi bwo kumenya neza ibikorwa vy’insogi bikwiye gutuma habaho uburyo bwiza bwo gutanga aside y’ibinyabuzima kandi mu nyuma bigatuma habaho ugutegura neza ubuzima bwiza n’imikorere y’inyoni mu gihe bigabanya ingorane zishobora guterwa n’umutekano w’ibifungurwa.
SR yanditse iri suzuma afashijwe na DD na KR. Abanditsi bose baratanze intererano nyinshi ku gikorwa cashikirijwe muri iri suzuma.
Abanditsi bamenyesha ko iri suzuma ryaronse infashanyo iva ku kigo Anitox Corporation kugira ngo batanguze kwandika no gusohora iri suzuma. Abaterankunga nta co bagize ku vyiyumviro no ku nsozero zavuzwe muri iki kiganiro co gusubiramwo canke ku ngingo yo kuyisohora.
Abanditsi basigaye bamenyesha ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ata sano ry’ubudandaji canke ry’amahera ryoshobora gusobanurwamwo ko hariho amakimbirane y’inyungu.
Dogiteri DD arashima cane infashanyo iva mw’ishure ryisumbuye rya kaminuza ya Arkansas biciye mu buhinga bwo kwigisha buhambaye, hamwe n’infashanyo iguma itanga iva kuri porogarama y’ubuhinga bw’ibinyabuzima n’ibinyabuzima vyo muri kaminuza ya Arkansas be n’Igisata c’ubuhinga bw’ibifungurwa. Ikindi, abanditsi barashima Anitox ku nkunga ya mbere yatanze mu kwandika iri suzuma.
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