Amahinguriro y’amasementi nk’ayo yerekanwa ngaha ni yo atanga cane umwuka w’ikirere ushushe. Ariko bimwe muri ivyo bintu bihumanya birashobora guhindurwa ubwoko bushasha bw’amavuta. Uwo munyu urashobora kubikwa neza imyaka mirongo canke irenga.
Iyi ni indi nkuru iri mu rutonde rwerekeye ubuhinga bushasha n’ibikorwa bishobora gutuma imihindagurikire y’ikirere igenda buhoro, igabanya ingaruka zayo, canke igafasha imiryango guhangana n’isi iriko irahinduka vuba.
Ibikorwa birekura umwuka w'ikirere (CO2), umwuka usanzwe utera ibidukikije, birafasha mu gushuha ikirere co kw'isi. Iciyumviro co gukura CO2 mu kirere no kuyibika si ikintu gishasha. Ariko biragoye kubikora cane cane iyo abantu bafise amahera yo kubigura. Uburyo bushasha buratorera umuti ingorane y’uguhumanya CO2 mu buryo butandukanye gatoyi. Ihindura mu buryo bw’imiti iyo gaze isusurutsa ikirere ikaba inkwi.
Ku wa 15 Munyonyo, abashakashatsi bo mu kigo c’ubuhinga bwa none co muri Massachusetts (MIT) i Cambridge barasohoye ivyo bavumbuye mu kinyamakuru citwa Cell Reports Physical Science.
Urutonde rwabo rushasha rugizwe n’ibice bibiri. Igice ca mbere ni uguhindura umwuka w’ikirere ukaba umugera witwa formate kugira ngo ukore inkwi. Cokimwe n’umuyaga w’ikirere, formate irimwo atome imwe y’umuyagankuba n’atome zibiri z’umwuka w’ikirere, be n’atome imwe y’umuyaga w’ikirere. Formate kandi irimwo ibindi bintu vyinshi. Iryo koraniro rishasha ryakoresheje umunyu witwa formate, uwo munyu ukaba uva muri sodium canke potassium.
Inyinshi mu bikoresho vy’amavuta bikoreshwa n’iyidrojene, iyo na yo ikaba ari gazi ishobora kwaka isaba imiyoboro n’ibidengeri bikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba kugira ngo ishobore gutwara. Ariko rero, amavuta y’ibinyabiziga arashobora kandi gukoresha formate. Formate ifise inguvu zigereranywa n’iyitwa hydrogène, nk’uko bivugwa na Li Ju, umuhinga mu vy’ibikoresho yarongoye ugutegura iyo nzira nshasha. Formate irafise ivyiza bimwebimwe kuruta hydrogène, ni ko Li Ju yavuze. Ni vyiza kuruta kandi ntibisaba kubika mu muvuduko munini.
Abashakashatsi bo muri MIT bararemye igikoresho co gukoresha amavuta kugira ngo bagerageze formate, iyo bakora bakoresheje umwuka w’ikirere. Ubwa mbere, bavanga umunyu n’amazi. Ivyo bivanze vyaca bishirwa mu gitereko c’amavuta. Imbere muri iyo nzira y’amavuta, iyo formate yararekura ama elegitoroni mu buryo bw’imiti. Izo elegitoroni zava ku nzira y’umuyagankuba y’ibarabara ry’umuyagankuba zija ku nzira y’umuyagankuba nziza, zigaheza zigaheza urugendo rw’umuyagankuba. Izo elegitoroni zitemba, ni ukuvuga umuyagankuba, zari zimaze amasaha 200 mu kiringo c’igerageza.
Zhen Zhang, umuhinga mu vy’ibikoresho akorana na Li muri MIT, afise icizigiro c’uko ikigo ciwe kizoshobora gutera imbere mu vy’ubuhinga bushasha mu myaka cumi.
Ishirahamwe ry’abashakashatsi ryo muri MIT ryakoresheje uburyo bw’imiti kugira ngo rihindure umwuka w’ikirere ube ikintu nyamukuru co guhingura amavuta y’ibinyabiziga. Ubwa mbere, barayishira mu mazi afise alkaline nyinshi cane. Bahisemwo umuti witwa sodium hydroxyde (NaOH), ukaba uzwi cane kw’izina rya lye. Ivyo bituma habaho igikorwa c’imiti kivamwo bicarbonate de sodium (NaHCO3), izwi cane kw’izina rya bicarbonate de soude.
Hanyuma baraca bafungura umuriro. Ivyo bikoresho vy’umuyagankuba vyatumye haba ikintu gishasha c’imiti gicapura atome yose y’umwuka w’ikirere iri muri molecule ya bikarbonate, kigasiga inyuma ivyuma bita sodium formate (NaCHO2). Ubuhinga bwabo bwahinduye hafi umunyu wose wo muri CO2 — urenga 96 kw’ijana — ukawugira uwo munyu.
Inguvu zikenewe kugira ngo umuntu akureho umwuka w’ikirere zibikwa mu bihimba vy’umubiri vyitwa formate. Porofeseri Li yavuze yuko formate ishobora kubika izo nguvu imyaka mirongo ata nguvu zishobora gutakazwa. Ica itanga umuyagankuba iyo ica mu gitereko c’amavuta. Iyo amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu guhingura formate ava ku nguvu z’izuba, umuyaga canke amazi, amashanyarazi akomoka ku nzira y’amavuta azoba isoko y’inguvu zisukuye.
Lee yavuze ko kugira ngo dukoreshe ubuhinga bushasha, “dukeneye kurondera ubutunzi bwinshi bwo mu butaka bw’ivyuma vy’amazi.” Yarize ubwoko bw’urutare rwitwa basalte (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Iyo ivyo bitandara bivanzwe n’amazi, birahinduka umunyu.
Farzan Kazemifar ni injeniyeri muri kaminuza ya San Jose muri Californie. Ubushakashatsi bwiwe bwibanda ku kubika umwuka w’ikirere mu bibanza vy’umunyu biri munsi y’ubutaka. Avuga ko gukura umwuka w’ikirere mu kirere vyamye bigoye, bigatuma bizimvye. Ni vyiza rero guhindura CO2 mu bikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa nka formate. Igiciro c’ico kintu gishobora gukuraho igiciro c’ivyo bakora.
Hariho ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe ku bijanye no gufata umwuka w’ikirere uva mu kirere. Nk’akarorero, umugwi w’abahinga bo muri kaminuza ya Lehigh uherutse kudondora ubundi buryo bwo gucungera umwuka w’ikirere maze ukawuhindura bikarbonate. Ayandi mashirahamwe y’abashakashatsi ariko arabika CO2 mu bitandara bidasanzwe, akayihindura carbone ikomeye ishobora guhindurwa éthanol, ni ukuvuga inzoga. Vyinshi muri ivyo bikorwa ni bitobito kandi ntibiragira ico bikoze ku kugabanya ivyuka vyinshi vy’umuyagankuba mu kirere.
Iryo shusho ryerekana inzu ikoresha umwuka w’ikirere. Ico gikoresho kigaragazwa ngaha gihindura umwuka w’ikirere (ivyo bihimba biri mu bibumbano vy’umutuku n’umweru) bikagira umunyu witwa formate (ibibumbano vy’ubururu, umutuku, umweru n’umwirabura). Uwo munyu ushobora rero gukoreshwa mu gitereko c'amavuta kugira ngo ukoreshe umuyagankuba.
Kazemifar yavuze ko uburyo bwiza bwo kubigira ari “ukubanza kugabanya imyuka itera ibidukikije.” Uburyo bumwe bwo kubigira ni ugusubirira amakara y’ibisigazwa n’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo nk’umuyaga canke izuba. Ivyo ni kimwe mu bintu abahinga bita “ugukuraho ivyuka bihumanya ikirere.” Ariko yongeyeko ko guhagarika imihindagurikire y’ikirere bizosaba uburyo bwinshi. Ubwo buhinga bushasha burakenewe kugira ngo umuntu afate carbone mu bice bigoye gukuraho carbone, niko yavuze. Fata amahinguriro y’ivyuma n’amahinguriro y’amasementi, kugira ngo tuvuge ingero zibiri.
Ishirahamwe rya MIT ribona kandi inyungu mu gufatanya ubuhinga bwabo bushasha n’inguvu z’izuba n’umuyaga. Bateri za kera zikoreshwa mu kubika inguvu mu kiringo c’amayinga menshi. Kubika umuco w’izuba wo mu ci gushika mu rushana canke igihe kirekire bisaba uburyo butandukanye. Lee yavuze ati: “Ukoresheje amavuta ya formate, ntuba ugishobora no kubika ibintu mu bihe bitandukanye. “Bishobora kuba ari ivy’uruvyaro.”
Bishobora kuba bitaca ibibatsi nk’inzahabu, ariko Lee yavuze ati: “Ndashobora gusigira abahungu n’abakobwa banje amatoni 200... ya formate nk’iragi.”
Alkaline: Inyito idondora ikintu c’imiti gikora iyoni z’amazi (OH-) mu munyuro. Ivyo bisubizo vyitwa kandi alkaline (bitandukanye n’ivy’asidi) kandi bifise pH irenga 7.
Aquifer: Igitandara gishobora gufata ibidengeri vy’amazi biri munsi y’ubutaka. Ijambo rikoreshwa kandi ku binogo vyo munsi y’ubutaka.
Basalte: Igitandara c’ikirunga c’umwirabura gikunda kuba gikomeye cane (kiretse iyo ikirunga caturitse casigayemwo imifuko minini y’umuyagankuba).
bond: (mu buhinga bwa shimi) ubucuti buhoraho hagati y’ama atome (canke imigwi y’ama atome) ari mu molecule. Igizwe n’inguvu zikwegeranya hagati y’atome zigira uruhara. Iyo amabondi amaze gushingwa, atome zikora nk’ikintu kimwe. Kugira ngo atome zigize izo atome zitandukanye, inguvu ziri mu buryo bw’ubushuhe canke iyindi mishwarara zitegerezwa gushikirizwa izo molecule.
Carbone: Ikintu c’imiti ari co gishingiyeko ubuzima bwose bwo kw’isi. Carbone ibaho mu mwidegemvyo mu buryo bw’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa graphite n’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa diama. Ni igihimba gihambaye c'amakara, amabuye y'agaciro n'amavuta ya peteroli, kandi gishobora kwifatanya mu buryo bw'imiti kugira ngo gikore ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibihimba vy'umubiri bifise agaciro mu vy'imiti, mu vy'ibinyabuzima no mu vy'ubudandaji. (Mu bushakashatsi ku bijanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere) Ijambo carbone rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa hafi mu buryo bumwe n’ijambo carbone kugira ngo ryerekeze ku ngaruka igikorwa, igicuruzwa, politike canke uburyo bishobora kugira ku bushuhe bw’ikirere mu kiringo kirekire.
Carbone dioxide: (canke CO2) ni gazi idafise ibara, idafise akamoto, ivuye mu bikoko vyose iyo umwuka w’ikirere bihumeka ukorana n’ivyo birya birimwo carbone. Carbone dioxide nayo irasohoka iyo ibintu bifise ubuzima, harimwo n'ibicanwa nk'amavuta canke gazi kavukire, bituriwe. Umwuka w'ikirere ni umwuka w'inzu y'icatsi kibisi ufata ubushuhe mu kirere c'isi. Ibimera bihindura umwuka w’ikirere ukaba umwuka w’ikirere biciye ku nzira y’izuba (photosynthèse) maze bikoresha iyo nzira kugira ngo bikore ivyo birya.
Simenti: Ni ikintu gifatanya ibintu bibiri, kigatuma bikomera bikagira ikintu gikomeye, canke ikintu gikomeye gikoreshwa mu gufatanya ibintu bibiri. (Ubwubatsi) Igikoresho giseye neza gikoreshwa mu gufatanya umusenyi canke urutare rwajanjaguwe kugira ngo haboneke beton. Simenti akenshi ikorwa nk’ifu. Ariko iyo imaze gutoboka, ihinduka urushanga rw’ibitoke rukomera iyo yumutse.
Ivy’imiti: Ikintu gikozwe n’ama atome abiri canke arenga ahuriweko (afatanye) mu rugero n’imiterere idahinduka. Nk’akarorero, amazi ni ikintu co mu bihimba vy’umubiri gikozwe n’atome zibiri z’iyidrojeni zifatanye n’atome imwe y’umwuka w’ikirere. Igishushanyo caco c’imiti ni H2O. “Ivy’imiti” birashobora kandi gukoreshwa nk’inyito mu kudondora imiterere y’ikintu iva ku migenderanire itandukanye hagati y’ibintu bitandukanye bihurikiye hamwe.
Ihuriro ry’imiti: Inkomezi zikwegeranya hagati y’ama atome zikomeye cane ku buryo zituma ibintu bifatanye bikora nk’ikintu kimwe. Hari ibintu bimwebimwe bikwegera abantu bigoyagoya, ibindi bikaba bikomeye. Ivyuma vyose bisa n’ibihuza atome mu gusangira (canke kugerageza gusangira) ama elegitoroni.
Ivyiyumviro vy’imiti: Inzira isaba gusubira gutunganya ama molecule canke imiterere y’ikintu aho guhindura uburyo bw’umubiri (nk’akarorero, kuva ku kintu gikomeye gushika ku gazi).
Ubuhinga bwa shimi: ishami ry'ubuhinga ryiga ibigize, imiterere, imiterere, n'imigenderanire y'ibintu. Abanyasiyansi barakoresha ubwo bumenyi mu kwiga ibintu batamenyereye, mu gusubiramwo ibintu vy’ingirakamaro mu bwinshi, canke mu guhingura no kurema ibintu bishasha vy’ingirakamaro. (y’ibintu bihurikiye hamwe vy’imiti) Ubuhinga bwa shimi buvuga kandi uburyo bw’ikirungo, uburyo gikoreshwa mu gutegura canke bimwe mu bintu bigifise. Abantu bakora muri uwo mwuga bitwa abahinga mu vy’imiti. (mu vy’imibano) ubushobozi bw’abantu bwo gukorana, kwumvikana no kunezerererwa kuba kumwe n’abandi.
Ihinduka ry’ikirere: Ihinduka rikomeye kandi ry’igihe kirekire ry’ikirere co kw’isi. Ivyo bishobora gushika mu buryo busanzwe canke bivuye ku bikorwa vy’abantu, harimwo no guturira ibisigazwa vy’amazuku no gukura amashamba.
Gukuraho ivyuka bihumanya ikirere: vyerekeye uguhindura ikirere n’ibigirankana kuva ku buhinga, ibikorwa n’inguvu bihumanya ikirere bitanga imyuka y’ibidukikije ishingiye ku kirere, nk’ikirere c’umuyagankuba na metane. Intumbero ni ugugabanya ivyuka bitera ihinduka ry’ikirere.
Umuyagankuba: Ugutembera kw’umuyagankuba, akenshi biva ku kwiruka kw’ibihimba bifise umuyagankuba mubi vyitwa elegitoroni.
Electron: ni ikintu gifise ubushobozi bubi gisanzwe kizunguruka akarere k’inyuma k’atome; ni ryo kandi ritwara umuyagankuba mu bintu bikomeye.
Injeniyeri: Umuntu akoresha siyansi n'imibare mu gutorera umuti ibibazo. Iyo ijambo injeniyeri rikoreshejwe nk’inshinga, ryerekeza ku guhingura igikoresho, ibikoresho canke uburyo bwo gutorera umuti ingorane canke ikintu gikenewe kitabonetse.
Ethanol: Inzoga, yitwa kandi inzoga ya ethyl, ni yo ishingiro ry’inzoga nk’inzoga, umuvinyu n’ibindi bimota. Ikoreshwa kandi nk’ikintu gitera umunyu n’amavuta (nk’akarorero, akenshi ivangwa na peteroli).
Iyunguruzo: (n.) Ikintu gituma ibikoresho bimwebimwe bica, ibindi bikaca, bivanye n’ubunini bwavyo canke ibindi biranga. (v.) Inzira yo guhitamwo ibintu bimwebimwe bishingiye ku mico nk’ubunini, uburemere, umuriro, n’ibindi (mu vy’ubuhinga bwa fizike) Igipfukisho, isahani canke uruzitiro rw’ikintu kinywa umuco canke iyindi mishwarara canke kikabuza mu buryo butoranijwe bimwe mu bigize co guca.
Formate: Ijambo rusangi ry’umunyu canke estere z’aside formique, uburyo bw’aside y’ibinure ihinduka oxide. (Estere ni ikintu gishingiye kuri carbone gikomoka mu gusubirira atome z’iyidrojene z’aside zimwe zimwe ubwoko bumwebumwe bw’imigwi y’ibinyabuzima. Ibinure vyinshi n’amavuta y’agaciro ni estere z’aside zimwezimwe ziboneka mu kameremere.)
Ivyuma biva mu bikoko: Ivyuma vyose, nk’amakara, peteroli (amavuta atagiramwo ibinure), canke gaze, vyaremewe mu myaka amamiliyoni imbere mw’isi bivuye ku bisigi vy’imigera, ibimera canke ibikoko vyari biboze.
Inkwi: Ikintu cose kirekura inguvu biciye ku nzira y’imiti canke y’imishwarara igenzurwa. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amakara (amakara, gaze kavukire, n’amavuta) ni ibikoresho bisanzwe bitanga inguvu biciye mu bikorwa vy’imiti iyo bishushe (kenshi bishika aho bisha).
Fuel cell: Igikoresho gihindura inguvu z’imiti zikaba inguvu z’umuyagankuba. Igikoresho gikoreshwa cane ni ihydrogène, ikintu conyene kiva muri co ni umwotsi w’amazi.
Geology: Inyito idondora ikintu cose gifitaniye isano n'imiterere y'isi, ibikoresho vyayo, amateka yayo, n'imigenderanire ibaho kuri yo. Abantu bakora muri uwo mwuga bitwa abahinga mu vy’ubutaka.
Ubushuhe bwo kw'isi: Ukwiyongera buhoro buhoro kw'ubushuhe bwose bwo mu kirere c'isi bitewe n'ingaruka z'inzu y'icatsi kibisi. Ingaruka ziterwa n'ukwiyongera kw'umwuka w'ikirere, chlorofluorocarbones, n'iyindi myuka mu kirere, myinshi muri yo ikaba ivuye mu bikorwa vy'abantu.
Ihidrojeni: Ni co kintu gitoyi kuruta ibindi vyose mw’isanzure ry’ikirere. Kubera ko ari gazi, nta mabara igira, nta mpumuro ifise kandi irasha cane. Ni igihimba c’ibintu vyinshi bitera umuriro, ibinure be n’imiti igize utugingo ngengabuzima tuzima. Igizwe na porotoni (umubiri) n’elegitoroni izunguruka.
Innovation: (v. to innovate; adj. to innovate) Guhindura canke gutera imbere mu ciyumviro, mu nzira canke mu kintu cariho kugira ngo kibe gishasha, gifise ubwenge, gikora neza canke gifise akamaro.
Lye: Izina rusangi ry’umuti w’amazi (NaOH). Akenshi amavuta y’imboga canke ibinure vy’ibikoko be n’ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo hakorwe isabune y’ibitoke.
Umuhinga mu vy’ibikoresho: Umushakashatsi yiga isano riri hagati y’imiterere y’atome n’imiterere y’ibihimba vy’ikintu be n’imiterere yaco muri rusangi. Abahinga mu vy’ibikoresho boshobora guhingura ibikoresho bishasha canke bagasuzuma ibikoresho vyariho. Gusuzuma imiterere yose y’ikintu, nk’uburemere bwaco, ubukomezi bwaco be n’aho gishobora gushonga, birashobora gufasha abahinga be n’abandi bashakashatsi guhitamwo ibikoresho vyiza kuruta ibindi vyose vyo gukoresha mu bikorwa bishasha.
Molecule: Ni umugwi w’atome zitagira aho zigarukira mu bijanye n’umuyagankuba zigereranya umubare mutoyi kuruta iyindi yose w’ikirungo c’imiti. Amamolekule ashobora kuba agizwe n’ubwoko bumwe bw’atome canke ubwoko butandukanye bw’atome. Nk'akarorero, umwuka w'ikirere uri mu kirere ugizwe n'atome zibiri z'umwuka (O2), amazi na yo agizwe n'atome zibiri z'iyidrojeni n'atome imwe y'umwuka (H2O).
Igihumanya: Ikintu gihumanya ikintu, nk’ikirere, amazi, abantu canke ivyokurya. Ibintu bimwebimwe bihumanya ikirere ni imiti, nk’imiti yica udukoko. Ibindi bintu bihumanya bishobora kuba imishwarara, harimwo n’ubushuhe bukaze canke umuco. Mbere n’icatsi kibi be n’ibindi bikoko bitera birashobora gufatwa nk’uburyo bwo guhumanya ibinyabuzima.
Potent: Inyito yerekana ikintu gikomeye cane canke gikomeye cane (nk’umugera, ubumara, umuti canke aside).
Ishobora gusubirwamwo: Inyito yerekana ikintu gishobora gusubirwamwo ubuziraherezo (nk’amazi, ibiterwa vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye, umuco w’izuba n’umuyaga). Ivyo bitandukanye n’ubutunzi butashobora gusubirwamwo, bufise ubushobozi buke kandi bushobora guhera neza. Ibintu bidashobora gusubirwamwo birimwo amavuta (n’ibindi bikoresho biva mu bikoko) canke ibintu n’amabuye y’agaciro bidasanzwe.