Uru rubuga rukoresha amakuru y’ibanga (cookies) kugira ngo urushirizeho gukoresha neza. Mu kubandanya ukoresha uru rubuga, uba wemeye amabwirizwa yacu yerekeye amakuru yacu.
Niba ufise inomero y’ubunyamuryango bwa ACS, uyishire hano kugira ngo dushobore guhuza iyi konti n’ubunyamuryango bwawe. (Ntivyemewe)
ACS iraha agaciro ubuzima bwite bwawe. Mu gutanga amakuru yawe, urashobora gusura C&EN maze ukayandikisha ku makuru yacu y’indwi ku yindi. Turakoresha amakuru utanga kugira ngo urushirize gusoma neza, kandi ntituzokwigera tugurisha amakuru yawe ku bandi bagize umuryango.
Mu mwaka w’2005, ikigo gikomeye c’ibikoresho vy’abaguzi citwa Colgate-Palmolive carahevye ubucuruzi bw’ibikoresho vyo gusukura imyambaro muri Amerika y’Uburaruko mu kugurisha ibintu nka Fab na Dynamo ku kigo Phoenix Brands. Haciye imyaka itatu, irindi shirahamwe rikomeye ry’ibikoresho vy’abaguzi, Unilever, ryagurishije umurongo waryo w’ibikoresho vy’isuku vyo muri Amerika harimwo All na Wisk to Sun Products.
Ugurisha ubucuruzi bwayo ku masosiyete abiri mato mato yigenga vyatumye isoko rya P&G ry’agaciro kanini mu bikoresho vyo gusukura imyambaro vyo muri Amerika rigira hafi ata n’umwe ashobora guhangana na ryo. Igitangaje ni uko Procter & Gamble itamenyesheje ko ari yo yatsinze.
Nkako, mu mwaka w’2014, Alan G. Lafley, uwo gihe yari umuyobozi mukuru w’ishirahamwe ryitwa Procter & Gamble (P&G), yaricujije ko Unilever yava muri iyo nzira. Yavuze ko yatsinze isoko ryo hagati ry’isoko ry’ibikoresho vyo gusukura, bituma ibintu vya P&G vyibanda cane cane ku isoko ry’ibintu vy’agaciro kanini, mu gihe itanga ibintu vy’agaciro gatoyi bifise abahiganwa batatu. Procter & Gamble ni umucuruzi w’ibicuruzwa bizwi cane nka Tide na Gain. Igira hafi 60% vy’ubudandaji bw’ibikoresho vyo gusukura imyambaro muri Amerika, ariko ubu ni ubucuruzi buhagaze, kandi hariho itandukaniro rinini ry’ibiciro hagati y’ibicuruzwa vy’iyo sosiyete n’abayihiganwa.
Haciye umwaka, rimwe mu bariko bararihiganwa, ari ryo shirahamwe ry’Abadagi ryitwa Henkel, ryarahungabanije ibintu. Iyo sosiyete yashize muri Amerika umuti wayo wo gusukura w’i Buraya w’agaciro kanini witwa Persil, ubanza kugurishwa gusa biciye muri Wal-Mart, hanyuma utangura kugurishwa mu maduka nka Target. Mu mwaka w’2016, Henkel yararushirije gutera urujijo ibintu mu kuronka ibikoresho vy’izuba.
Igihe Persil yatangura, vyatumye ubucuruzi bw’ibikoresho vyo gusukura imyambaro busubira gutera imbere, ariko bushobora kwihuta kuruta uko Lafley yari yiteze. Mu kwezi kwa Gitugutu guheze, igihe ikinyamakuru “Consumer Report” cavuga izina ry’ikimwe mu bikoresho bishasha vya Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, ari co gikoresho co gusukura c’Abanyamerika gikora neza kuruta ibindi vyose, we n’abandi bayobozi ba P&G bategerezwa kuba baratangaye cane. Umugigwa wo gutera iteka ryatumye Tide ashika mu kibanza ca kabiri ku ncuro ya mbere mu myaka.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) yasubiyemwo igikoresho cayo ca mbere c’izina rinini citwa Tide Ultra Stain Release mu mwaka w’2016. Ico kinyamakuru cavuze yuko ico kintu cari ku rutonde rw’ibintu vyose mu gihe c’isesengura ryakurikiyeho ryakozwe n’ikinyamakuru Consumer Reports, naho nyene kitari gihambaye mu mibare.
Igitabu kimwe (Consumer Raps) giherutse gushiramwo urutonde rw’ibintu bibiri vyiza kuruta ibindi vyose vyo gusukura imyambaro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. C&EN izosuzuma ibirungo bitera iyo ntambara, hamwe n’ingene bikoreshwa n’ababikora.
Igitabu kimwe (Consumer Raps) giherutse gushiramwo urutonde rw’ibintu bibiri vyiza kuruta ibindi vyose vyo gusukura imyambaro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. C&EN izosuzuma ibirungo bitera iyo ntambara, hamwe n’ingene bikoreshwa n’ababikora.
Biracari kare cane kuvuga nimba Henkel izorwanya cane P&G ku baguzi b’Abanyamerika bagura amazi yo gusukura imyambaro y’agaciro kanini. Ariko iyo abahinga mu vy’imiti ba P&G bumva ko bacitse intege kubera ata mahiganwa, bazokurwaho ata kabuza.
Shoaib Arif, umuyobozi w’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga n’ubuhinga mu kigo ca Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, yasiguye ko muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Tide na Persil ari ibintu vy’agaciro kanini vy’ubudandaji kandi bishobora guca mu nzego zine z’ubushobozi. Mu myaka iheze, Arif n’abandi bahinga bo muri Pilot barafashije amashirahamwe menshi akora ibikoresho vyo mu nzu guhingura ibikoresho bishasha vyo gusukura n’ibindi bikoresho vyo gusukura.
Mu isoko ry’ibintu vy’agaciro gatoyi, ni igikoresho co gusukura gifise ubutunzi bwinshi cane. Nk’uko Arif abivuga, ishobora kuba irimwo gusa ikintu gikora ku mubiri kidahenda cane, nk’ikintu citwa linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) hamwe n’ibirungo n’amabara. Intambwe ikurikira y’ico kintu ishobora kwongerako ibintu bifasha canke vyubaka, nk’ivyo bita sodium citrate, tackifier n’ibindi bifasha ku mubiri.
LABS ni ikintu gikora ku mubiri (anionic surfactant), kikaba ari ciza mu gukuraho ibintu bitari vyo mu mpuzu kandi gikora neza ku mpuzu y’ipampa. Igikoresho ca kabiri gisanzwe ni ethanol ethoxylate, igikoresho kitagira iyoni, gikora neza kuruta LABS, cane cane mu gukura amavuta n’umwanda mu nsinga z’ivyuma.
Mu gice ca gatatu, abahingura ibintu boshobora kwongerako ibintu bica ibibatsi vy’amaso ku giciro gitoyi gatoyi. Ivyo bikoresho bica ibibatsi bifata umuco w’ibara ry’agahama maze bikawurekura ukaja mu karere k’ubururu kugira ngo impuzu zisa n’izikayangana cane. Ibintu vyiza kuruta, ibintu bitera umubiri, ibindi vyubaka be n’ibintu birwanya ugusubira gutera, akenshi biraboneka muri ivyo bikoresho, bishobora gufata umwanda uva mu mazi yo kwoza kugira ngo ntusubire gutera ku mpuzu.
Ivyo gusukura bizimvye cane birangwa n’ugushiramwo ibintu vyinshi bikora ku ruhande n’ibindi bikoresho bitandukanye, nk’inzoga zikora ku mubiri, inzoga zitwa ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, amasabune y’amavuta n’ibindi bikoresho bikora ku mubiri. Ivyuma bifata ubutaka bitari vyo (bimwe bigenewe amashirahamwe nka Procter & Gamble na Henkel) n’ivyuma bifata ubutaka na vyo nyene bica muri uwo mugwi.
Ariko rero, Arif aragabisha yuko kwirundanira ibirungo bizana ingorane zavyo. Ku rugero runaka, uguhingura amazi yo gusukura ni ubuhinga, kandi abahinga mu vy’imiti barazi uburyo ibihimba vy’imiti bimeze, nk’igikorwa c’ibintu bikora ku ruhande.
Yasiguye ati: “Ariko rero, iyo formule imaze gutegurwa, ivyo bintu vyose bizogira ico bikoze ku bindi, kandi ntushobora kumenya neza ico iyo formule ya nyuma izokora.” “Uracariho ubwirizwa kugerageza kugira ngo umenye neza ko bikora mu buzima nyakuri.”
Nk’akarorero, ibintu bikora ku mubiri n’ivyo kwubaka birashobora guhagarika igikorwa c’intungamubiri, ni ko Arif yavuze. Abahingura amazi yo gusukura barashobora gukoresha ibintu bituma enzyme zidahinduka (nk’ivyo bita sodium borate na calcium formate) kugira ngo bashobore gutorera umuti iyo ngorane.
Franco Pala, umuhinga mukuru w’ubushakashatsi mu mugambi w’isi yose wo gusukura amazi witwa Battelle, yerekanye ko ivyuma vyinshi bikoreshwa mu gusukura amazi biboneka mu bikoresho vy’amazi vy’agaciro na vyo nyene bishobora gutera ingorane. Pala yasiguye ati: “Ntivyoroshe kwongerako ibintu vyinshi cane bikora ku mubiri ku rugero rwo hejuru gutyo. Ugusenyuka bica bihinduka ingorane, kandi n’ugukorana nabi hagati y’ibintu bikora ku mubiri na vyo nyene bica bihinduka ingorane.
Porogarama ya Battelle y’abaguzi benshi iyobowe na Pala yatanguye mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1990 mu gusuzuma ibigize ibikoresho bikomeye vyo gusukura kw’isi yose. Battelle akoresha urutonde rw’ibikoresho vya siyansi kugira ngo afashe ba nyen’ibimenyetso n’abagurisha ibikoresho vya mbere kurenga urutonde rw’ibirungo kugira ngo batahure, nk’akarorero, urugero rw’uguhindura ethoxylation y’ibinyabuzima canke nimba umugongo w’ibinyabuzima ari umurongo canke amashami.
Para yavuze ko muri iki gihe, ama polymères ari isoko rihambaye ry’ubuhinga bushasha mu bikoresho vyo gusukura. Nk’akarorero, ibintu vyose bibiri vya Tide na Persil birimwo umuti witwa polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, uwo muti ukaba ari umuti ushobora gufata umwanda wakozwe na BASF ku kigo Procter & Gamble, ariko ubu ukaba ushobora gukoreshwa cane n’abahinguzi b’ibikoresho vyo gusukura.
Pala yerekanye ko ama copolymères ya aside terephthalique na yo nyene aboneka mu bikoresho bimwebimwe vyo gusukura vy’agaciro kanini, ivyo bikaba bizopfuka igitambaro mu gihe co kumesa, bikaba bizotuma vyoroha gukuraho amabara n’umwanda mu gihe co gumesa bikurikira. Battelle akoresha ibikoresho nk’ivyo bita gel permeation chromatography kugira ngo atandukanye amapolymere hanyuma akoresheje ubuhinga bwo gupima ibara ry’umutuku kugira ngo amenye uko ateye.
Porogarama ya Battelle kandi yitwararika cane ivyerekeye enzymes, ari vyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none abahinguzi babandanya gutera imbere uko umwaka utashe. Kugira ngo basuzume igikorwa c’iyo enzyme, umugwi wa Pala warashize iyo enzyme ku kintu kirimwo igihimba citwa chromophore. Iyo iyo enzyme isenye igihimba c’imbere, iyo chromophore irarekurwa maze igapimwa hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo gupima umuco canke ubuhinga bwo gupima umuco w’izuba.
Proteases zitera proteines ni zo za mbere zongerewe ku bikoresho vyo gusukura mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1960. Mu nyuma, enzymes zongewe muri ivyo birwanisho harimwo amylase, iyo na yo ikaba ari yo ibora amavuta y’ibitoke, be na mannanase, iyo na yo ikaba ari yo ibora ibintu bitera umubiri gukomera. Iyo ivyokurya birimwo guar (nk’ibarafu n’isupu y’inyama z’ingurube) bimenetse ku mpuzu, igiti co gutafuna kizoguma ku mpuzu mbere n’inyuma yo kumesa. Ishirwa mu mpuzu kandi ikoreshwa nk’ivyuma bifatanya umwanda w’ubutare, bigatuma haba amabara agoye gukuraho.
Ivyo bihimba vyose bibiri, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 na Tide Ultra Stain Release, birimwo ivyitwa protease, amylase na mannanase.
Persil kandi irimwo lipase (ishobora kubora ibinure) na cellulase (ishobora gusukurwa mu buryo butaziguye biciye mu guhindura amazi amabonde amwamwe y’ibinyabuzima biri mu nsinga y’ipampa) kugira ngo ikureho umwanda ufatanye n’iyo nsinga. Cellulase irashobora kandi gutuma ipampa ryoroshe kandi igatuma ibara ryaryo rirushiriza gukayangana. Muri ico gihe nyene, nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko z’uburenganzira, ikintu kidasanzwe kiranga umuti wo gusukura amazi ni glucanase, ushobora gusenyura ama polysaccharides amylase idashobora gusenyura.
Novozymes na DuPont ni zo zimaze igihe kirekire zikora cane enzymes, ariko BASF iherutse kwinjira muri ivyo bikorwa mu buryo bw’amaprotease. Mu nama y’ibikoresho vyo gusukura yabereye mu Budagi mu mpera z’umwaka uheze, BASF yarateye imbere uguhuza umuti wayo mushasha witwa protease na polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ivuga ko iyo mivumba itanga ubushobozi bwo gukora neza ku bakiriya bipfuza guhingura ibikoresho vyo gusukura mu bushuhe buke.
Nkako, Arif n’abandi bihweza isoko bavuga yuko kwemera ko abahinguzi b’ibikoresho vyo gusukura bagakora ibirungo bisaba gukoresha inguvu nke canke gukingira ibidukikije biva ku bikomoka ku bidukikije ari co kintu gikurikira muri iyo nganda. Muri Gitugutu umwaka uheze, P&G yaratanguje Tide Purclean, ni verisiyo y’ikimenyetso cayo, aho 65% vy’ibirungo biva mu bimera. Hanyuma mu kwezi kwa Gitugutu, Unilever yararonse ishirahamwe ryitwa Seventh Generation, rikora ibikoresho vyo gusukura ibiterwa n’ibindi bikoresho vyo gusukura, kugira ngo risubire kwinjira mw’isoko ry’ibikoresho vyo gusukura ryo muri Amerika.
Arif yavuze ko naho guhindura ibirungo vyiza kuruta ibindi vyose mu bikoresho vyo gusukura bifise ibihembo vyama ari urugamba, “ivyo muri iki gihe ni ibisanzwe kuruta.” “Abakiriya bariko barabaza bati: ‘Twokora gute ibintu biva mu bidukikije bitagira ubumara bwinshi ku bantu no ku bidukikije, mugabo bikaba bikora neza?”