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Ivyo bikoresho bikoreshwa cane mu gutuma ivyuma vy’izuba vy’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa lead triiodide perovskite bikora neza, ariko ingaruka z’ibinyoma bitandukanye ku gushikama kw’inzira ya α ntiziramenyekana neza; Aha, dukoresheje inyigisho y’imikorere y’uburemere, turabona ku ncuro ya mbere inzira y’ugusenyuka kw’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro bita formamidine kuva ku rwego rwa α gushika ku rwego rwa δ maze twiga ingaruka z’utunenge dutandukanye ku nzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira. Ivyiyumviro vy’ukugereranya vyerekana ko ibibanza vy’iyode bishobora gutuma habaho ugusenyuka kubera ko bigabanya cane inzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira ya α-δ kandi bikaba bifise inguvu z’uguhingura ziri munsi cane ku ruhande rwa perovskite. Ugushiramwo igice kinini c’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro bitashobora gusenyuka mu mazi ku ruhande rwa perovskite birabuza cane ukubora kw’igice ca α, bikaba bibuza iyode kwimuka no guhinduka. Ikindi, iyo nzira igabanya cane ugusubira gukorana kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri bitagira imishwarara kandi yongera ubushobozi bw’ibihimba vy’izuba kugera kuri 25,39% (vyemejwe 24,92%). Ico gikoresho kitapakijwe gishobora kuguma gifise ubushobozi bwaco bwa mbere bwa 92% inyuma yo gukora ku nguvu nyinshi cane mu kiringo c’amasaha 550 mu gihe c’imishwarara y’ikirere y’uburemere bwa 1,5 G.
Ubushobozi bwo guhindura ubushobozi (PCE) bw'ibikoresho vy'izuba vy'amabuye y'agaciro (PSCs) bwashitse ku rugero rwo hejuru rw'ibice 26%1. Kuva mu mwaka w’2015, ama PSC y’ubu yahisemwo formamidine triiodide perovskite (FAPbI3) nk’igice gifata umuco kubera ubushuhe bwayo bwiza cane n’uburebure bw’uruzitiro rwo hafi y’urugero rwa Shockley-Keisser rwa 2,3,4. Ikibabaje, amafilime ya FAPbI3 ahinduka mu buryo bw’ubushuhe kuva ku rwego rwirabura α gushika ku rwego rw’umuhondo rutari rwa perovskite δ ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba5,6. Kugira ngo ntihagire igice c’amazi citwa delta kigira, harateguwe ibintu bitandukanye bikomeye vy’amabuye yitwa perovskite. Ingamba zisanzwe zo gutorera umuti ico kibazo ni ukuvanga FAPbI3 n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri (MA+), ivy’umubiri (Cs+) n’ivy’umubiri (Br-)7,8,9. Ariko rero, perovskites zivanzwe zishikirwa n'ukwaguka kw'imirongo n'ugutandukana kw'ibice biterwa n'amafoto, ivyo bikaba bitera ingorane ubushobozi n'ugushikama kw'imikorere y'ibiva muri PSCs10,11,12.
Ivyigwa biherutse gukorwa vyerekanye ko FAPbI3 y’ikibiriti kimwe itagiramwo ikintu na kimwe ishobora guhagarara neza cane kubera uburemere bwayo bwiza cane bw’ikibiriti n’ubudasa buke13,14. Ku bw’ivyo, kugabanya utunenge mu kwongera uburemere bwa FAPbI3 ni ubuhinga buhambaye bwo gushika ku PSCs2,15 zikora neza kandi zidahinduka. Ariko rero, mu gihe c’ugukora kwa FAPbI3 PSC, ugusenyuka kw’umuhondo udakenewe kw’imirongo itandatu y’imirongo itandatu y’umuhondo δ birashobora kubaho16. Ivyo bitangura kenshi ku bibanza vyo hejuru no ku mipaka y’intete bishobora gushikirwa n’amazi, ubushuhe n’umuco kubera ko hariho ahantu henshi hari utunenge17. Ku bw’ivyo, gutera imbere ku ruhande/intete ni ngombwa kugira ngo igice c’umwirabura ca FAPbI318 gihagarare. Ingamba nyinshi zo gukuraho ubumuga, harimwo no gushiramwo ama perovskites y’ingero nto, ama molecule ya Lewis y’aside, n’umunyu w’amonium halide, vyarateye imbere cane mu gukora formamidine PSCs19,20,21,22. Kugeza ubu, hafi inyigisho zose zishingiye ku ruhara rw’utunenge dutandukanye mu kumenya imiterere y’ubuhinga bw’amaso nk’ugusubira gukorana kw’ibikoresho, uburebure bw’ugukwiragira n’imiterere y’imirongo mu bihimba vy’izuba22,23,24. Nk’akarorero, inyigisho y’imikorere y’uburemere (DFT) ikoreshwa mu gutegekanya inguvu z’uguhingura n’ingero z’inguvu z’ugufata z’ibinenge bitandukanye, zikoreshwa cane mu kuyobora umugambi w’uguhingura20,25,26. Uko igitigiri c’utunenge kigabanuka, ni ko akenshi ukuntu ico gikoresho gihagarara neza. Ariko rero, mu bipimo vya formamidine PSCs, uburyo utunenge dutandukanye dukora ku gushikama kw’inzira n’imiterere y’umuyagankuba bukwiye kuba butandukanye rwose. Ku rugero rwo hejuru rw’ubumenyi bwacu, ugutahura kw’ishimikiro kw’ingene utunenge dutera uguhinduka kw’inzira y’umubiri (α-δ) be n’uruhara rw’uguhindura inzira y’umubiri ku bijanye n’ugushikama kw’inzira y’umubiri wa α-FAPbI3 perovskite biracari bitaratahurwa neza.
Aha, turahishura inzira y’ugusenyuka kwa perovskite ya FAPbI3 kuva ku α-phase y’umwirabura gushika ku δ-phase y’umuhondo be n’ingaruka z’utunenge dutandukanye ku nzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kuva ku α-to-δ-phase biciye ku DFT. I ivyumba vy’ubusa, bishobora guterwa bitagoranye mu gihe co gukora amasanamu no mu gukoresha ibikoresho, bivugwa ko ari vyo bishobora gutangura cane uguhinduka kw’inzira ya α-δ. Ku bw’ivyo, twashizeho igice c’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro (PbC2O4) kidashobora gusenyuka mu mazi kandi kidahinduka mu buryo bw’imiti hejuru ya FAPbI3 biciye mu gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bw’in situ. Igipande c’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro (LOS) kirabuza gusenyuka kw’ibibanza vy’ubusa kandi kikabuza kwimuka kw’iyon za I iyo zivyuriwe umutima n’ubushuhe, umuco n’umuyagankuba. Ivyo bituma LOS igabanya cane ugusubira gukorana kw’ibintu bitagira imishwarara kandi igatuma FAPbI3 PSC ikora neza gushika ku 25,39% (vyemejwe ku 24,92%). Ico gikoresho ca LOS kitari gipfutse caragumye gifise 92% vy’ubushobozi bwaco bwa mbere inyuma yo gukora ku gipimo c’ububasha burengeye (MPP) amasaha arenga 550 ku gipimo c’umuyaga (AM) c’imishwarara 1,5 G.
Twabanje gukora imibare ab initio kugira ngo turonke inzira y’ukubora kw’iperovskite ya FAPbI3 kugira ngo ive mu rwego rwa α ija mu rwego rwa δ. Biciye mu nzira y’uguhindura inzira mu buryo burambuye, biraboneka ko uguhindura kuva ku mfuruka zitatu zisangira [PbI6] mu nzira α-phase ya FAPbI3 gushika ku nzira imwe gusangira urubibi [PbI6] mu nzira itandatu δ-phase ya FAPbI3 ari. guca 9. Pb-I ikora umugozi mu ntambwe ya mbere (Int-1), kandi inzitizi yayo y’inguvu ishika kuri 0,62 eV/cell, nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo 1a. Iyo igice c’umunani gihinduwe mu nzira ya [0\(\bar{1}\)1], uruzitiro rugufi rw’imirongo itandatu ruragwira kuva kuri 1×1 rukaja kuri 1×3, 1×4 maze amaherezo rwinjira mu rwego rwa δ. Igipimo c’inzira yose ni (011)α//(001)δ + [100]α//[100]δ. Dufatiye ku kigereranyo c’ugusangira inguvu, birashoboka ko inyuma y’ugutera imbere kw’inzira ya δ ya FAPbI3 mu ntambwe zikurikira, inzitizi y’inguvu iri hasi y’iy’uguhinduka kw’inzira α, ivyo bikaba bisobanura ko uguhinduka kw’inzira kuzokwihuta. Biragaragara ko intambwe ya mbere yo kugenzura uguhinduka kw’inzira ari ngirakamaro cane nimba dushaka guhagarika ugusenyuka kw’inzira α.
a Inzira y’uguhindura inzira kuva ibubamfu uja iburyo – inzira y’umwirabura ya FAPbI3 (α-phase), ugucapura kwa mbere kw’imigenderanire ya Pb-I (Int-1) n’ugucapura kw’imigenderanire ya Pb-I (Int-2, Int -3 na Int -4) n’inzira y’umuhondo FAPbI3 (inzira ya delta). b Intambamyi z’inguvu ku guhinduka kw’inzira ya α gushika kuri δ ya FAPbI3 zishingiye ku ntumbero zitandukanye z’imbere. Umurongo w’utudomo werekana inzitizi y’inguvu z’ikibiriti ciza cane (0,62 eV). c Inguvu z’uguhingura utunenge tw’intangamarara ku ruhande rw’ibuye ry’agaciro ryitwa perovskite. Igipande c’ibara ry’agahama ni inzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira α-δ, igipande c’ibara ry’agahama ni inguvu z’uguhingura amakosa. Ibice bifise igitutu c’umwerasi, umuhondo n’icatsi kibisi ni ubwoko bwa I (EB-high FE iri hasi), ubwoko bwa II (high FE) n’ubwoko bwa III (EB-low FE), uko bikurikirana. d Inguvu z’uguhingura utunenge VI na LOS za FAPbI3 mu kugenzura. e I intambamyi ku kwimuka kw'iyon mu kugenzura na LOS ya FAPbI3. f – igishushanyo c’ukwimuka kw’iyon I (imibumbe y’umutuku) na gLOS FAPbI3 (ibara ry’umuhondo, ibara ry’umuhondo; ibara ry’umuhondo (ibara ry’umuhondo), iyode (iyode igendagenda)) mu gucungera gf (ibubamfu: ivyerekanwa hejuru; iburyo: igice c’umusaraba, ibara ry’umuhondo); carbone; ubururu buzize – azote; umutuku – umwuka w’ikirere; umuco w’ibara ry’agahama – ihydrogène). Amakuru y'inkomoko atangwa mu buryo bw'amadosiye y'amakuru y'inkomoko.
Twaraciye twiga mu buryo butunganye ingaruka z’utunenge dutandukanye tw’imbere (harimwo PbFA, IFA, PbI, na IPb antisite occupancy; atome za Pbi na Ii; n’ibibanza vy’ubusa vya VI, VFA, na VPb), ivyo bikaba ari vyo bifatwa nk’ibintu nyamukuru. ivyo bitera ugusenyuka kw’inzira y’urugero rwa atome n’inguvu vyerekanywe ku gishushanyo 1b no ku ndome y’inyongera 1. Igitangaje ni uko utunenge twose tugabanya inzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira α-δ (igishushanyo 1b). Twemera ko utunenge dufise inguvu nke zo guhingura n’intambamyi z’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira α-δ zifatwa nk’izibangamira ugushikama kw’inzira. Nk’uko vyavuzwe mbere, ibibanza bifise amabuye y’agaciro bifatwa ko ari vyiza ku bijanye na formamidine PSC27. Ku bw’ivyo, twibanda ku ruhande rufise PbI2 (100) mu bihe vy’ubutunzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Inguvu zo guhingura amakosa y’amakosa y’intonde z’imbere mu ruhande zirerekanwa ku gishushanyo 1c no ku ndome y’inyongera 1. Hashingiwe ku nzitizi y’inguvu (EB) n’inguvu zo guhingura amakosa y’uguhinduka kw’inzira (FE), izo makosa zishirwa mu bwoko butatu. Ubwoko bwa I (low EB-high FE): Naho IPb, VFA na VPb bigabanya cane inzitizi y’inguvu ku guhindura inzira, birafise inguvu nyinshi zo guhingura. Ni co gituma twemera ko ubwo bwoko bw’utunenge bugira ingaruka nke ku guhinduka kw’inzira kuko bugira gake. Ubwoko bwa II (EB nini): Kubera inzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira α-δ yarongerekanye, utunenge tw’inzira PbI, IFA na PbFA ntitushobora kwonona ugushikama kw’inzira ya α-FAPbI3 perovskite. Ubwoko bwa III (EB-low FE): VI, Ii na Pbi zifise utunenge dufise inguvu nke cane zishobora gutuma inzira y’umwirabura ihungabana. Cane cane iyo FE na EB VI ziri hasi cane, twizera ko ingamba nziza cane ari ugugabanya I ibibanza vy’akazi.
Kugira ngo tugabanye VI, twateguye igice kinini c’ivyuma bita PbC2O4 kugira ngo dutere imbere ku ruhande rwa FAPbI3. Ugereranije n’ibikoresho bigabanya umunyu w’ibinyabuzima nk’ivyo bita phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) n’ivyo bita n-octylammonium iodide (OAI), PbC2O4, idafise ions za halogène zigendagenda, irakomeye mu vy’imiti, ntishobora gusenyuka mu mazi, kandi irazimangana bitagoranye iyo ivyuriwe umutima. Ivyiza vy’uguhagarara kw’ubukonje bwo ku ruhande n’umuyagankuba w’iperovskite. Ugusenyuka kwa PbC2O4 mu mazi ni 0.00065 g/L gusa, ivyo bikaba mbere biri hasi y’ivya PbSO428. Ikiruta vyose, ibice vy’umubiri vy’i LOS bishobora gutegurwa mu buryo bworoshe ku bipande vy’iperovskite hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu kibanza (raba munsi). Twarakoze ibigereranyo vya DFT vy’ubufatanye hagati ya FAPbI3 na PbC2O4 nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo c’inyongera 1. Imbonerahamwe y’inyongera 2 yerekana inguvu z’uguhingura ubumuga inyuma y’uguterwa LOS. Twasanze LOS itarongera gusa inguvu zo guhingura utunenge twa VI na 0.69–1.53 eV (Ishusho 1d), ariko kandi yongera inguvu zo gukora I ku ruhande rw’ukwimuka no ku ruhande rw’ugusohoka (Ishusho 1e). Mu ntambwe ya mbere, iyoni I zigendagenda ku ruhande rwa perovskite, zigasiga iyoni VI mu kibanza c’uruzitiro zifise inzitizi y’inguvu 0,61 eV. Inyuma y’aho LOS ishikirijwe, kubera ingaruka z’intambamyi y’ubuzima, inguvu z’ugukora z’ukwimuka kw’iyon I ziragwira gushika ku. 1,28 eV. Mu gihe c’ukwimuka kw’iyon I ziva ku ruhande rwa perovskite, inzitizi y’inguvu iri muri VOC na yo nyene irasumba iyo mu citegererezo c’igenzura (Ishusho 1e). Ivyerekana inzira z’ukwimuka kw’iyon I mu gucungera no mu LOS FAPbI3 vyerekanywe ku gishushanyo 1 f na g, uko bikurikirana. Ivyo bimenyetso vyerekana ko LOS ishobora kubuza ugusenyuka kw’ibikomere vya VI n’uguhinduka kwa I, gutyo bikabuza uguhinduka kw’inzira ya α gushika kuri δ.
Ivyiyumviro biri hagati y’aside oxalique n’ivyo bita perovskite FAPbI3 vyarageragejwe. Inyuma yo kuvanga imiti y’aside oxalique na FAPbI3, haciye habaho igice kinini c’ivu ryera, nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo c’inyongera ca 2. Ico gikoresho c’ifu caramenyekanye ko ari ikintu c’i PbC2O4 gisukuye hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Igishushanyo c’inyongera ca 3) n’igishushanyo c’inyongera ca FourierfrascoFTIR transformoS mu4). Twasanze aside oxalic ishobora gusenyuka cane mu nzoga ya isopropyl (IPA) mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba n’ubushobozi bwo gusenyuka bugera kuri 18 mg/mL, nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo c’inyongera ca 5. Ivyo bituma gukurikirana vyoroha kuko IPA, nk’umuti usanzwe wo gusenyuka, udashobora kwonona peroyonski be9od igihe gito. Ku bw’ivyo, mu kwibiza iyo filime ya perovskite mu munyuro wa aside oxalique canke mu gutera umunyuro wa aside oxalique ku perovskite, PbC2O4 yoroshe kandi ikomeye cane irashobora kuronka ningoga ku ruhande rw’iyo filime ya perovskite hakurikijwe iyi nsiguro y’imiti ikurikira: H2C2O4 + FAPbI +3O. FAI ishobora gusenyuka muri IPA gutyo igakurwamwo mu gihe co guteka. Uburemere bwa LOS bushobora kugenzurwa n’igihe co gusubiza be n’ugushira hamwe kw’ibintu bibanza.
Amashusho y’ibipimo vy’ubuhinga bwa none (SEM) vy’ibipimo vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyerekanywe ku bishushanyo 2a,b. Ivyo vyavuyemwo vyerekana ko ubuhinga bwo ku ruhande rwa perovskite buzigamye neza, kandi ko hariho ibice vyinshi vyiza bishirwa ku ruhande rw’intete, ivyo bikaba bikwiye guserukira uruzitiro rwa PbC2O4 rwakozwe n’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bikorana n’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri. Igipande ca LOS perovskite gifise ubuso buteye neza gatoyi (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 6) n’umwanya munini wo gukorana n’amazi ugereranije n’igipande c’igenzura (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 7). Kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gutandukanya igice co hejuru c’ico kintu, hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa electron microscope bufise ubushobozi bwo gucapura (HR-TEM). Ugereranije n’igice c’igenzura (Ishusho 2c), igice gitoya kimwe kandi gikomeye gifise uburebure bwa 10 nm kiraboneka neza hejuru y’ico gice c’i LOS perovskite (Ishusho 2d). Hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa elegitoronike bufise imfuruka ndende (HAADF-STEM) kugira ngo umuntu asuzume uruja n’uruza hagati ya PbC2O4 na FAPbI3, kubaho kw’uturere tw’amabuye y’agaciro twa FAPbI3 n’uturere tutagira ishusho twa PbC2O4 birashobora kugaragara neza (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 8). Ivyiyumviro vy’imbere vy’iyi perovskite inyuma yo gukoreshwa aside oxalic vyaranzwe n’ingero z’imishwarara ya X (XPS), nk’uko vyerekanwa ku bishushanyo 2e–g. Mu gishushanyo ca 2e, isonga rya C 1s riri hafi 284,8 eV na 288,5 eV ni ry’ibimenyetso vyihariye vya CC na FA, uko bikurikirana. Ugereranije n’uruzitiro rwo kugenzura, uruzitiro rwa LOS rwerekanye isonga ry’inyongera ku 289,2 eV, ryerekanwa na C2O42-. Igishushanyo ca O 1s c’i LOS perovskite kigaragaza isonga ritatu ritandukanye ry’imiti O 1s ku 531,7 eV, 532,5 eV, na 533,4 eV, bihuye n’ivyo COO, C=O y’imigwi ya oxalate 30 n’atome za O z’igice ca OH2e (Ishusho ). )). Ku bijanye n’akarorero k’igenzura, habonetse gusa isonga ritoyi rya O 1s, rishobora guterwa n’umwuka w’ikirere (oxygène chemisorbed) ku ruhande. Ibirango vy’uruzitiro rwo kugenzura Pb 4f7/2 na Pb 4f5/2 biri ku 138,4 eV na 143,3 eV, uko bikurikirana. Twabonye ko perovskite ya LOS yerekana uguhinduka kw’isonga rya Pb ry’ibice nka 0,15 eV rija ku nguvu zifatanya zisumba izindi, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko hariho ugukorana gukomeye hagati y’atome za C2O42- na Pb (Ishusho 2g).
a Amashusho ya SEM y’ubugenzuzi na b amafilime ya LOS perovskite, abona hejuru. c Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwa none (HR-TEM) vy’ubuhinga bwo kugenzura n’ubuhinga bwa none. XPS y’ubushobozi bwinshi y’amafilime y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa e C 1s, f O 1s na g Pb 4f. Amakuru y'inkomoko atangwa mu buryo bw'amadosiye y'amakuru y'inkomoko.
Dushingiye ku bivuye muri DFT, biravugwa ko utunenge twa VI n’ukwimuka kwa I bishobora gutuma habaho uguhinduka kw’inzira kuva kuri α gushika kuri δ. Raporo za kera zerekanye ko I2 irekurwa ningoga mu mafilime ya perovskite akoreshwa na PC mu gihe c’ugushira mu mazi inyuma yo gushiramwo amafilime mu muco no mu bushuhe31,32,33. Kugira ngo twemeze ingaruka zituma oxalate y’amabuye y’agaciro iguma ku ruhande rwa α rwa perovskite, twabitse amafilime ya perovskite y’ubugenzuzi n’aya LOS mu macupa y’ibirahuri abonerana arimwo toluene, hanyuma tuyaca umuco w’izuba 1 mu kiringo c’amasaha 24. Twarapima ukuntu umuco w’ibara ry’agahama n’umuco uboneka (UV-Vis) unyura. ) umuti wa toluene, nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo ca 3a. Ugereranije n’akarorero k’igenzura, uburemere bwo gufata I2 bwari buke cane bwabonetse ku bijanye na LOS-perovskite, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko LOS ikomeye ishobora kubuza I2 kurekura mu gice ca perovskite mu gihe co kwibizwa mu muco. Amafoto y’ibipimo vy’ubugenzuzi bw’imyaka n’ivy’amafilime ya LOS perovskite yerekanwa mu bice vy’ibishushanyo 3b na c. Ico gikoresho citwa perovskite ca LOS kiracari cirabura, mu gihe igice kinini c’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bigenzura vyahindutse umuhondo. Ivyo bimenyetso vy’ugufata umuco w’izuba (UV–visible) vy’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vyerekanywe ku bishushanyo. 3b, n. Twabonye ko ukunywa guhuye na α mu gice c’igenzura kwagabanutse bigaragara. Haciye hakorwa ingero z’imishwarara ya X kugira ngo haboneke ukuntu imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro yateye imbere. Inyuma y’amasaha 24 y’umuco, perovskite y’ubugenzuzi yerekanye ikimenyetso gikomeye c’umuhondo δ-phase (11,8°), mu gihe perovskite ya LOS yari iguma ifise phase nziza y’umwirabura (Ishusho 3d).
Ivyiyumviro vy’ugufata amazi bigaragara mu UV vy’ibisubizo vya toluene aho igice c’igenzura n’igice ca LOS vyari vyibiwe munsi y’umuco w’izuba 1 mu kiringo c’amasaha 24. Ico gicapo kirerekana igikombe aho filime imwe imwe yose yari yinjijwe mu mubare ungana w’ivyo bita toluène. b Ivyuma vy’ugufata UV-Vis vy’igice c’igenzura n’igice ca LOS imbere n’inyuma y’amasaha 24 y’ugubizwa munsi y’umuco w’izuba 1. Ico gice kiri muri iyo filime yerekana ifoto y’iyo filime y’ikigeragezo. d Ivyerekana imishwarara ya X y’amafilime y’igenzura n’ay’i LOS imbere n’inyuma y’amasaha 24 y’ugushirwa ahabona. Amashusho ya SEM y’ivyo gucungera filime e na filime f LOS inyuma y’amasaha 24 y’ugushirwa ahabona. Amakuru y'inkomoko atangwa mu buryo bw'amadosiye y'amakuru y'inkomoko.
Twarakoze ingero z’ubuhinga bwa scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kugira ngo twihweze ihinduka ry’imiterere y’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vy’iyi perovskite inyuma y’amasaha 24 y’umuco, nk’uko vyerekanwa ku bishushanyo 3e,f. Mu filime y’igenzura, intete nini zarasenyutse zihinduka inshinge ntoyi, ivyo bikaba bihuye n’imiterere y’igicuruzwa c’inzira ya δ FAPbI3 (Ishusho 3e). Ku mafilime ya LOS, intete za perovskite ziguma zimeze neza (Ishusho 3f). Ivyo vyavuyemwo vyemeje ko gutakaza I bituma cane umuntu ava ku rwego rw’umwirabura aja ku rwego rw’umuhondo, mu gihe PbC2O4 igumya urugero rw’umwirabura, igatuma I idatakaza. icarimwe kurekura iyode maze igahingura VI. Nk’uko vyavuzwe na DFT, LOS irashobora kubuza ugusenyuka kw’ibikomere vya VI no kubuza kwimuka kw’iyon za I zija ku ruhande rwa perovskite.
Ikindi, ingaruka z’uruzitiro rwa PbC2O4 ku bushobozi bwo guhangana n’ubukonje bw’amafilime ya perovskite mu kirere (ubukonje bugereranywa 30-60%) bwarasuzumwe. Nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo c’inyongera ca 9, iyo perovskite ya LOS yari ikiri yirabura inyuma y’imisi 12, mu gihe iyo filime y’igenzura yahindutse umuhondo. Mu bipimo vya XRD, filime y’igenzura yerekana isonga rikomeye kuri 11,8° rihuye n’inzira ya δ ya FAPbI3, mu gihe perovskite ya LOS igumya neza inzira y’umwirabura α (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 10).
Ivyo bikoresho vyakoreshejwe mu kwiga ingaruka z’ugutuma oxalate y’amabuye y’agaciro idakora ku ruhande rwa perovskite. Mu gishushanyo Igishushanyo 4a kirerekana ko filime ya LOS yongeye uburemere bwa PL. Mu gishushanyo c’ikarita ya PL, uburemere bw’igice ca LOS ku butaka bwose bwa 10 × 10 μm2 burarengeye ubw’igice c’igenzura (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 11), ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko PbC2O4 igabanya mu buryo bumwe igice ca perovskite. Igihe c’ubuzima bw’umutwazi kigenwa mu kwegeranya ukubora kwa TRPL n’igikorwa kimwe c’ugukura (Ishusho 4b). Igihe c’ubuzima bw’ivyuma vy’i LOS ni 5,2 μs, kikaba ari kirekire cane kuruta ivyuma vy’igenzura bifise ubuzima bw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma 0,9 μs, bikaba vyerekana ko ugusubira gukorana kw’ibintu bitagira imishwarara ku ruhande kwagabanutse.
PL n’imirongo b y’igihe gito y’amafilime ya perovskite ku bipande vy’ibirahuri. c SP igicapo c’igikoresho (FTO/TiO2/SnO2/iperovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au). d EQE spectrum na Jsc EQE spectrum bihuriweko bivuye ku gikoresho gikora neza kuruta ibindi vyose. d Ugushingira ku bushobozi bw’umuco w’igikoresho ca perovskite ku kigereranyo ca Voc. f Isesengura rya MKRC risanzwe hakoreshejwe igikoresho co gusukura imyobo ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PCBM/Au. VTFL ni umutego wo kwuzuza umuriro mwinshi. Dushingiye kuri ayo makuru twaharuriye uburemere bw’umutego (Nt). Amakuru y'inkomoko atangwa mu buryo bw'amadosiye y'amakuru y'inkomoko.
Kugira ngo twige ingaruka z’uruzitiro rw’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro ku bikorwa vy’ico gikoresho, hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa kera bwo gukorana n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri. Dukoresha formamidine chloride (FACl) nk’ikintu co kwongera ku ntambamyi ya perovskite aho gukoresha methylamine hydrochloride (MACl) kugira ngo turonke ubushobozi bwiza bw’ibikoresho, kuko FACl ishobora gutanga uburyo bwiza bw’amabuye y’agaciro no kwirinda ikinogo c’umurongo wa FAPbI335 (raba ibishushanyo vy’inyongera de2i ku bishushanyo vy’inyongera de1). ). 12-14). IPA yatowe nk’ikintu co gukingira amazi kubera ko itanga uburemere bwiza bw’amabuye y’agaciro kandi ikaba ikunda gushirwa mu mafilime y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa perovskite ugereranyije n’iyitwa diethyl ether (DE) canke chlorobenzene (CB)36 (Ibishushanyo vy’inyongera 15 na 16). Igitutu ca PbC2O4 caratunganijwe neza kugira ngo gishobore guhuza neza uguhagarara kw’ibikomere n’ugutwara umuriro mu guhindura ivyiyumviro vy’aside oxalique (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 17). Amashusho y’ibice vy’umubiri vy’ibikoresho vy’ubugenzuzi n’ibikoresho vy’ubugenzuzi vyerekanywe ku gishushanyo c’inyongera 18. Ivyiyumviro vy’uburemere bw’amashanyarazi (CD) vy’ibikoresho vy’ubugenzuzi n’ibikoresho vy’ubugenzuzi vyerekanywe ku gishushanyo 4c, kandi ibipimo vyakuwemwo bitangwa mu mbonerahamwe y’inyongera 3. Ubushobozi bwo guhindura ubushobozi burengeye ubw’ibindi (J%2c%)43. 25,75 mA cm-2 (25,74 mA cm-2), Ijwi 1,16 V (1,16 V) n’ugusubira inyuma (imbere). Igitigiri c’abawuzuza (FF) ni 78,40% (76,69%). Igitigiri kinini cane ca PCE LOS PSC ni 25,39% (24,79%), Jsc ni 25,77 mA cm-2, Voc ni 1,18 V, FF ni 83,50% (81,52%) kuva inyuma (imbere Scan gushika). Ico gikoresho ca LOS carashitse ku bushobozi bwemewe bw’amashanyarazi bw’ibice 24,92% mu laboratwari y’amashanyarazi y’uwundi muntu yizigirwa (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 19). Ivyo bikoresho vy’inyuma (EQE) vyatanze Jsc yunze ubumwe ya 24,90 mA cm-2 (igenzura) na 25,18 mA cm-2 (LOS PSC), hakurikijwe, ivyo bikaba vyari bihuye neza na Jsc yapimwa mu rugero rwa AM 1,5 G (Ishusho .4d). ) . Ugukwiragizwa kw'imibare y'ibipimo vya PCE vy'ubugenzuzi n'ivy'ubugenzuzi vyerekanywe ku gishushanyo c'inyongera 20.
Nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo ca 4e, isano hagati ya Voc n’uburemere bw’umuco ryaraharuwe kugira ngo higwe ingaruka za PbC2O4 ku gusubira gukorana kw’ibintu bifashijwe n’umutego. Igitigiri c’umurongo w’igikoresho ca LOS ni 1,16 kBT/sq, kikaba kiri hasi y’igitigiri c’umurongo w’igikoresho co kugenzura (1,31 kBT/sq), bikaba vyemeza ko LOS ari ngirakamaro mu kubuza gusubira gukorana kw’ibintu bikoreshwa n’ibinyoma. Turakoresha ubuhinga bwo gupima umuriro w’ikirere (SCLC) kugira ngo dupime mu buryo bw’ingero uburemere bw’akaga k’igice c’iperovskite mu gupima ikiranga IV c’umwiza c’igikoresho c’imyobo (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au) nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo. 4f Erekana. Uburemere bw’umutego buharurwa n’uburyo Nt = 2ε0εVTFL/eL2, aho ε ari umubare w’umuyagankuba w’igice c’iperovskite, ε0 ari igipimo c’umuyagankuba c’ubusa, VTFL ni umuyagankuba ugabanya umuyagankuba wo kwuzuza umutego, e ni umuriro, L ni uburemere bw’igice ca perovskite n). Uburemere bw’akaga k’igikoresho ca VOC buharurwa ko ari 1.450 × 1015 cm–3, ariko ni hasi y’uburemere bw’akaga k’igikoresho co kugenzura, ari co 1.795 × 1015 cm–3.
Ico gikoresho kitari gipfutse carageragejwe ku gipimo c’ububasha burengeye (MPP) mu muco w’umutaga wose munsi y’azote kugira ngo hasuzumwe ukuntu gishobora gukora igihe kirekire (Ishusho 5a). Inyuma y’amasaha 550, igikoresho ca LOS cari kigifise 92% vy’ubushobozi bwaco bwo hejuru, mu gihe ubushobozi bw’igikoresho co kugenzura bwari bwagabanutse bushika ku 60% bw’ubushobozi bwaco bwa mbere. Ugukwiragizwa kw’ibintu biri muri ico gikoresho ca kera kwapimwa n’igihe c’urugendo (ToF-SIMS) (Ishusho 5b, c). Ivyimburwa vyinshi vy’iyode birashobora kubonwa mu karere ko hejuru k’inzahabu. Ivyerekeye uburinzi bw’umuyagankuba udakora ntibishiramwo ibintu bishobora kwonona ibidukikije nk’ubukonje n’umwuka, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko uburyo bwo mu mutima (ni ukuvuga ukwimuka kw’iyon) ari vyo bitera. Dushingiye ku bivuye muri ToF-SIMS, I- na AuI2- ions zabonetse mu gikoresho ca Au, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko I iva muri perovskite ikaja muri Au. Igitero c’ikimenyetso c’iyon I- na AuI2- kiri mu gikoresho co kugenzura ni nk’incuro 10 kuruta ico mu citegererezo ca VOC. Raporo za kera zerekanye ko ukunyura kw’iyon bishobora gutuma ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuyagankuba mu myobo ya spiro-OMeTAD bugabanuka vuba cane, n’ugusenyuka kw’imiti y’umuyagankuba wo hejuru, gutyo bikaba bishobora gutuma ubucuti buri hagati y’ivyo bikoresho buhungabana37,38. Ico gikoresho ca Au carakuweho maze igice ca spiro-OMeTAD kirasukurwa ku gitereko c’imbere n’umuti witwa chlorobenzene. Twaraciye dutanga ibiranga iyo filime dukoresheje ubuhinga bwo gucapura imishwarara y’ibikoko (GIXRD) (Ishusho 5d). Ivyo vyavuyemwo vyerekana ko iyo filime y’ubugenzuzi ifise isonga ry’ugutandukana rigaragara ku 11,8°, mu gihe ata nsonga nshasha y’ugutandukana iboneka mu citegererezo ca LOS. Ivyo vyavuyemwo vyerekana ko ugutakaza cane kw’iyon I mu gice c’igenzura bituma habaho igice ca δ, mu gihe mu gice ca LOS iyo nzira ibujijwe neza.
Amasaha 575 y’ugukurikirana kwa MPP gukomeye kw’igikoresho kitapfutse mu kirere c’azote n’umuco w’izuba 1 ata n’akayunguruzo ka UV. ToF-SIMS gukwirakwiza b I- na c AuI2- ions mu gikoresho co kugenzura LOS MPP n’igikoresho co gukura. Ivyiyumviro vy’umuhondo, icatsi kibisi n’umuhondo bihuye n’ivya Au, Spiro-OMeTAD na perovskite. d GIXRD y’igice c’iperovskite inyuma y’ikigeragezo ca MPP. Amakuru y'inkomoko atangwa mu buryo bw'amadosiye y'amakuru y'inkomoko.
Ubushuhe bushingiye ku gutwara umuriro bwagereranywa kugira ngo bemeze ko PbC2O4 ishobora kubuza ion kwimuka (Igishushanyo c’inyongera 21). Inguvu z’ugukora (Ea) z’ukwimuka kw’iyon zimenyekana mu gupima ihinduka ry’ubushobozi bwo gutwara (σ) bw’igice ca FAPbI3 ku bushuhe butandukanye (T) no gukoresha isano rya Nernst-Einstein: σT = σ0exp(−Ea/kBT), aho σ0 ari ikintu kidahinduka, kB ni ikintu kidahinduka Bol. Turaronka agaciro ka Ea ku nzira y’ugutemba kwa ln(σT) n’iya 1/T, ni ukuvuga 0.283 eV ku bijanye n’ugucungera na 0.419 eV ku gikoresho ca LOS.
Mu ncamake, turatanga urutonde rw’ivyiyumviro kugira ngo tumenye inzira y’ugusenyuka kwa FAPbI3 perovskite be n’ingaruka z’utunenge dutandukanye ku nzitizi y’inguvu z’uguhinduka kw’inzira α-δ. Muri izo ngeso mbi, inenge za VI zivugwa ko zishobora gutuma habaho uguhinduka kw’inzira kuva kuri α gushika kuri δ. Igipande gikomeye c’i PbC2O4 kidashobora gusenyuka mu mazi kandi gikomeye mu buryo bw’imiti kirashirwamwo kugira ngo gihagarike α-phase ya FAPbI3 mu kubuza ugusenyuka kw’ibibanza vya I n’ukwimuka kw’iyon za I. Iyi nzira igabanya cane ugusubira gukorana kw’ibintu bitagira imishwarara, igatuma ubushobozi bw’izuba bugera kuri 25,39%, kandi igatuma ibikorwa biguma bikomeye. Ivyo twabonye biratanga ubuyobozi bwo gushika ku PSCs za formamidine zikora neza kandi zidahinduka mu guhagarika uguhinduka kw’inzira α gushika kuri δ iterwa n’akaga.
Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none (TTIP, 99,999%) vyaguzwe na Sigma-Aldrich. Asidi y’amazi (HCl, 35,0–37,0%) na etanoli (itagira amazi) vyaguzwe mu gisata c’ubuhinga bwa shimi co mu gisagara ca Guangzhou. SnO2 (15 wt% y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma) yaguzwe na Alfa Aesar. Iyode y’amabuye y’agaciro (PbI2, 99,99%) yaguzwe muri TCI Shanghai (Ubushinwa). Yodide ya formamidine (FAI, ≥99,5%), kloride ya formamidine (FACl, ≥99,5%), iyodide ya metilamine (MACl, ≥99,5%), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N , N-robime-ni-p)-9)- (Spiro-OMeTAD, ≥99,5%), litiyumu bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (Li-TFSI, 99,95%), 4-tert -butylpyridine (tBP, 96%) vyaguzwe mw’ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bw’umuco ry’i Xi’an (Ubushinwa). N,N-dimetilformamide (DMF, 99,8%), dimetilsulfoxide (DMSO, 99,9%), inzoga y’isopropili (IPA, 99,8%), klorobenzène (CB, 99,8%), acetonitrile (ACN). Ivyo vyaguzwe na Sigma-Aldrich. Asidi y’umubiri (H2C2O4, 99,9%) yaguzwe na Macklin. Ivyo bikoresho vyose vyakoreshejwe nk’uko vyaronswe ata kindi bihinduwe.
ITO canke FTO substrates (1,5 × 1,5 cm2) vyasukuwe n’ivyuma bisukura, acetone, na éthanol mu minota 10, hanyuma vyumwa munsi y’umugezi w’azote. Igipande c’inzitizi c’umuyagankuba ca TiO2 cashizwe ku gipande ca FTO hakoreshejwe umuti w’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba (1/25, v/v) vyashizwe ku bushuhe bwa 500 °C mu minota 60. Ivyo bihimba vy'umubiri vya SnO2 vyaciwemwo amazi atagira iyoni mu rugero rw'uburemere bwa 1:5. Ku gipande gisukuye cakoreshejwe umuyagankuba w’izuba (UV ozone) mu minota 20, hashizweho igice c’umubiri gitoya cane c’ibihimba vy’umubiri bita SnO2 ku 4000 rpm mu masegonda 30 hanyuma gica gishushwa ku 150 °C mu minota 30. Ku bijanye n’umunyuro w’imbere y’iyi perovskite, 275,2 mg ya FAI, 737,6 mg ya PbI2 na FACl (20 mol%) vyavanzwe mu munyuro uvanze na DMF/DMSO (15/1). Igipande ca perovskite categuwe mu gutera 40 μL y’umunyu w’imbere y’iperovskite hejuru y’igipande ca SnO2 cakoreshejwe UV-ozone ku 5000 rpm mu kirere co mu nzu mu kiringo c’amasegonda 25. Amasegonda 5 inyuma y’igihe ca nyuma, 50 μL y’umunyu wa MACl IPA (4 mg/mL) yaciye iterwa ningoga ku gitereko nk’umuti wo gukingira umunyu. Hanyuma, izo filime zari ziherutse gutegurwa zarashirwa ku bushuhe bwa 150°C mu minota 20 hanyuma zica zica ku bushuhe bwa 100°C mu minota 10. Inyuma yo gukonjesha iyo filime ya perovskite ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba, umuti wa H2C2O4 (1, 2, 4 mg ushizwe mu mL 1 ya IPA) warashizwe mu gitereko c’amazi ku 4000 rpm mu kiringo c’amasegonda 30 kugira ngo ushireho ubushuhe bwo ku ruhande rwa perovskite. Igisubizo ca spiro-OMeTAD categuwe mu kuvanga 72,3 mg ya spiro-OMeTAD, militiro 1 ya CB, 27 μl ya tBP na 17,5 μl ya Li-TFSI (520 mg muri militiro 1 ya acetonitrile) carashizwe ku gicapo ku 4000 rpm mu kiringo c’iminota 4000. Ubwa nyuma, igice c'umuyagankuba c'uburebure bwa 100 nm carahindutse umwuka mu busa ku rugero rwa 0,05 nm/s (0~1 nm), 0,1 nm/s (2~15 nm) na 0,5 nm/s (16~100 nm) . ).
Ivyo bikoresho vya SC vy’ibikoresho vy’izuba vy’i perovskite vyagereranywa hakoreshejwe igikoresho ca Keithley c’amametero 2400 munsi y’umuco w’izuba (SS-X50) ku rumuri rw’uburemere bwa 100 mW/cm2 kandi bigenzurwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho vy’izuba vy’i silikoni vy’imirongo y’izuba. Keretse iyo bivuzwe ukundi, imirongo ya SP yagereranywa mu gasandugu k’amaganzu kuzuye azote ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba (~25°C) mu buryo bwo gupima imbere n’inyuma (intambwe y’umuriro 20 mV, igihe co gutevya 10 ms). Igitutu c’igitutu carakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane uburebure bwiza bwa 0,067 cm2 ku PSC yagereranywa. Ivyo bipimo vya EQE vyakozwe mu kirere co mu karere hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa PVE300-IVT210 (Industrial Vision Technology(s) Pte Ltd) bufise umuco w’ibara rimwe wibanda ku gikoresho. Kugira ngo ibikoresho bibe bikomeye, igerageza ry’ibice vy’izuba bitagira ivyuma vyakozwe mu gasandugu k’amaboko k’azote ku gipimo ca 100 mW/cm2 ata n’akayunguruzo ka UV. ToF-SIMS ipimwa n’igihe c’uguguruka ca PHI nanoTOFII. Ivyerekeye uburebure bw’ikirere vyabonetse hakoreshejwe imbunda y’iyon Ar y’uburemere bwa 4 kV ifise uburebure bwa 400×400 μm.
Ivyo bipimo vy’imirasire y’izuba (XPS) vyakozwe ku buhinga bwa Thermo-VG Scientific (ESCALAB 250) hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa Al Kα (ku buryo bwa XPS) ku gipimo ca 5.0 × 10–7 Pa. Ivyo bipimo vy’ubutaka n’ububabare bw’ivyo bipande vyagereranywa hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa Bruker Dimension FastScan (Bruker Dimension FastScan). Ivyigwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none n’ivy’ubuhinga bwa none bibera ku kigo ca FEI Titan Themis STEM. Ivyo bimenyetso vy’ugufata umuco w’izuba (UV–Vis) vyagereranywa hakoreshejwe igikoresho citwa UV-3600Plus (Ishirahamwe rya Shimadzu). Igikoresho co mu kirere (SCLC) canditswe ku metero 2400 za Keithley. Ivyuma vy’umuco (PL) n’ivy’igihe (TRPL) vy’ugusenyuka kw’ubuzima bw’ibintu bitwara vyagereranywa hakoreshejwe igipimo c’umuco w’izuba FLS 1000. Amashusho y’ikarita ya PL yagereranywa hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa Horiba LabRam Raman HR Evolution. Ivyo bikoresho vyakozwe hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa Thermo-Fisher Nicolet NXR 9650.
Muri iki gikorwa, dukoresha uburyo bwo gutora ivyerekanwa vy’inzira ya SSW kugira twige inzira y’uguhinduka kw’inzira kuva ku nzira ya α gushika ku nzira ya δ. Mu buryo bwa SSW, inyigisho y’uburebure bw’inguvu zishobora gukoreshwa igenwa n’uburongozi bw’uburyo bworoshe bw’imburakimazi (ivyavuye mu buryo bwa kabiri), ivyo bikaba bituma umuntu yiga mu buryo burambuye kandi ataco akora ku buso bw’inguvu zishobora gukoreshwa. Muri iki gikorwa, ugutora ivyerekanwa vy’inzira bikorwa ku gice c’umubiri gifise atome 72, kandi amabara arenga 100 y’intango/iherezo (IS/FS) arakorakoranywa ku rugero rwa DFT. Hashingiwe ku makuru ya IS/FS pairwise data set, inzira ihuza imiterere y’intango n’imiterere ya nyuma irashobora kumenyekana n’uguhuza hagati y’ama atome, hanyuma urugendo rw’inzira zibiri ku ruhande rw’igice gihinduka rukoreshwa kugira ngo hamenyekane neza uburyo bw’imiterere y’ihinduka. (VK-IDESV). Amaze kurondera igihugu c’inzira y’inzira, inzira ifise inzitizi iri hasi cane irashobora kumenyekana mu gushiramwo inzitizi z’inguvu.
Ivyiyumviro vyose vya DFT vyakozwe hakoreshejwe VASP (version 5.3.5), aho imigenderanire y’ama electron–ion y’ama atome C, N, H, Pb, na I igereranywa n’umurongo w’umuvuduko w’amazi (PAW). Igikorwa kijanye n’uguhanahana amakuru kidondorwa n’ugushika ku rugero rusangi rw’urugero rw’urugero mu gupima kwa Perdue-Burke-Ernzerhoff. Igitigiri c’inguvu z’imipfunda y’indege cari gishizwe kuri 400 eV. Igishushanyo c’intonde k ca Monkhorst–Pack gifise ubunini bwa (2 × 2 × 1). Ku mibumbe yose, ivyicaro vy’uruzitiro n’ivy’atome vyari vyiza cane gushika aho igice c’umubabaro mwinshi cari munsi ya 0,1 GPa, igice c’inguvu nyinshi kikaba kiri munsi ya 0,02 eV/Å. Mu kigereranyo c’imbere, igice co hasi ca FAPbI3 gifise ibice 4, igice co hasi gifise atome zidahinduka zigereranya umubiri wa FAPbI3, kandi ibice bitatu vyo hejuru bishobora kwidegemvya mu gihe c’ugutuma ibintu bigenda neza. Igipande ca PbC2O4 gifise uburebure bwa 1 ML kandi kiri ku ruhande rwa I-terminal rwa FAPbI3, aho Pb iboshe kuri 1 I na 4 O.
Ushaka kumenya vyinshi ku bijanye n’umugambi w’inyigisho, raba Incamake ya Raporo y’Igitabu c’Ivya Kamere ifatanye n’iki kiganiro.
Amakuru yose yaronswe canke yasuzumwe muri iri koraniro ashirwa mu ngingo yasohowe, hamwe n’amakuru ashigikira n’amadosiye y’amakuru atagiramwo ivyiza. Amakuru atagiramwo ivyiza yerekanwa muri iri koraniro araboneka kuri urubuga rwa interineti. Amakuru y’inkomoko aratanzwe muri iyi ngingo.
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