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Melamine ni ikintu cemewe ko gihumanya ibiribwa gishobora kuba kiri mu mice imwimwe y’ibiribwa mu mpanuka canke mu mpanuka. Intumbero y’iyi nyigisho yari iyo kugenzura ukuntu melamine iboneka mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu. Ivyokurya 40 vy’ubudandaji, harimwo ivy’abana n’amata y’ifu, vyavuye mu turere dutandukanye two muri Irani, vyarasuzumwe. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bifise melamine vyamenyekanye hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bukora cane bukoreshwa mu gupima amazi (HPLC-UV). Igiharuro c’ugupima (R2 = 0.9925) carakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine iri hagati ya 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Ivyo bipimo vy’ugupima n’ugutahura vyari 1 μg mL−1 na 3 μg mL−1, uko bikurikirana. Melamine yageragejwe mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu kandi ivyo vyavuyemwo vyerekanye ko urugero rwa melamine mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu rwari 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 na 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, hakurikijwe. Ivyo vyiyumviro bihuye n’amategeko y’Ubumwe bw’ibihugu vy’Uburayi be n’Igitabu Codex Alimentarius. Ni vyiza kumenya ko kurya ivyo bifungurwa vy’amata bifise melamine igabanutse bidatera ingorane nyinshi ku buzima bw’ababikoresha. Ivyo na vyo nyene birashigikirwa n’ivyavuye mu gusuzuma ingaruka.
Melamine ni ikirungo c’ibinyabuzima gifise umurongo w’ibinyabuzima C3H6N6, kiva kuri cyanamide. Ifise ubushobozi buke cane bwo gusenyuka mu mazi kandi ifise hafi 66% vy’azote. Melamine ni ikintu gikoreshwa cane mu nganda gikoreshwa cane mu guhingura amapulasitike, ifumbire, n’ibikoresho vyo gutunganya ibifungurwa (harimwo n’ibikoresho vyo gupfunyika ibifungurwa n’ibikoresho vyo mu gikoni)1,2. Melamine na yo ikoreshwa nk’umuti wo gutwara imiti mu kuvura indwara. Igitigiri kinini c'azote kiri muri melamine gishobora gutuma umuntu akoresha nabi iyo ntungamubiri no gutanga imiterere y'ibihimba vy'umubiri vy'amaproteine ​​mu birungo vy'ibifungurwa3,4. Ku bw’ivyo, kwongera melamine mu vyo kurya, harimwo n’ivyo mu mata, bituma azote iguma mu mubiri. Gutyo, vyaciye bishika ku ciyumviro c’uko poroteyine ziri mu mata zari nyinshi kuruta uko ziri mu vy’ukuri.
Ku gramme yose ya melamine yongeweko, poroteyine ziri mu vyo kurya zizokwongerekana n’ibice 0,4%. Ariko rero, melamine irashobora gusenyuka cane mu mazi kandi irashobora gutera ingorane zikomeye kuruta. Kwongera 1,3 grammes ya melamine ku bintu bimeze nk’amata bishobora kwongera poroteyine ziri mu mata n’ibice 30%5,6. Naho melamine yongerwa mu vyo kurya vy’ibikoko mbere n’ivy’abantu kugira ngo yongere ivyimburwa vy’umubiri7, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) n’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu ntibemeye ko melamine yongerwa mu vyo kurya kandi barayishize ku rutonde rw’ibintu bishobora gutera akaga iyo umuntu ayimize, ayihumeka canke ayinywa biciye ku rukoba. Mu mwaka w’2012, ikigo mpuzamakungu c’ubushakashatsi ku ndwara ya kanseri c’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’ubuzima (OMS) carashize melamine ku rutonde rw’ibintu bitera kanseri vyo mu rwego rwa 2B kubera ko bishobora gutera ingorane ubuzima bw’umuntu8. Gumara igihe kirekire umuntu akoresheje melamine bishobora gutuma arwara kanseri canke akagira ingorane z’amafyigo2. Melamine iri mu vyo kurya ishobora gukorana n’aside cyanurique kugira ngo ikore amabuye y’umuhondo adashobora gusenyuka mu mazi ashobora kwonona amafyigo n’imitsi y’umuhogo, hamwe n’indwara ya kanseri y’amaso n’ugutakaza ibiro9,10. Ishobora gutuma umuntu agira ubumara bukomeye mu vyo arya, kandi iyo ari nyinshi, igatuma umuntu apfa, cane cane abana batoyi n’abana batoyi.11 Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho amagara y’abantu (OMS) ryashizeho kandi ko umuntu ashobora gufata melamine ku musi (TDI) ku rugero rwa 0,2 mg/kg y’uburemere bw’umubiri ku musi) hakurikijwe amabwirizwa ya CAC na Dr. 2,7 Muri Nzero 2008, vyavuzwe ko abahinguzi benshi b’amavuta y’abana bo mu rugo bongeyeko melamine ku mata y’ifu kugira ngo bongere poroteyine ziri mu bifungurwa vyabo, ivyo bikaba vyatumye amata agira ubumara bw’amata n’ubumara bw’amata. yarwaje abana barenga 294.000, abarenga 50.000 na bo bajanwa mu bitaro. 13
Ukwonsa ntivyama bishoboka bitewe n’ibintu bitandukanye nk’ingorane zo mu bisagara, indwara z’umuvyeyi canke umwana, ivyo bikaba bituma hakoreshwa amavuta y’abana kugira ngo bagaburire abana bato. Ivyo vyatumye hashingwa amahinguriro yo guhingura amata y’abana ashobora kuba ari hafi cane y’amata y’ibere14. Amavuta y’abana agurishwa kw’isoko akenshi akozwe mu mata y’inka kandi akenshi akozwe n’uruvange rudasanzwe rw’ibinure, poroteyine, ibinure, amavitamine, amaminerale n’ibindi bihimba. Kugira ngo amata y’ibere abe hafi y’amabere, poroteyine n’ibinure biri muri amata biratandukanye, kandi bivanye n’ubwoko bw’amata, akomezwa n’ibintu nk’amavitamine n’ivyuma nk’ivyuma15. Kubera ko abana b’inzoya ari umugwi w’abantu bashobora gufatwa n’ubumara kandi hakaba hariho ingorane yo gufatwa n’ubumara, umutekano wo kurya amata y’ifu ni ikintu gihambaye cane ku buzima. Inyuma y’aho abana b’inzoya bo mu Bushinwa bafashwe n’ubumara bwa melamine, ibihugu vyo kw’isi yose vyaravyitayeho cane, kandi n’ububabare bw’ico kibanza na bwo nyene bwarateye imbere. Ni co gituma bihambaye cane cane gukomeza ubugenzuzi bw’uguhingura amavuta y’abana kugira ngo amagara y’abana bakingirwe. Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kumenya melamine mu vyo kurya, harimwo uburyo bwo gupima amazi (HPLC), uburyo bwo gupima amazi, uburyo bwo gutahura, uburyo bwo gupima umuco n’uburyo bwo gupima umubiri16. Mu mwaka w’2007, ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe ivy’ibifungurwa n’imiti (FDA) carateguye kandi gisohora uburyo bwa HPLC bwo kumenya melamine n’aside cyanurique mu biribwa, ari bwo buryo bwiza cane bwo kumenya melamine irimwo17.
Ivyiyumviro vy’ivyo bita melamine mu mavuta y’abana bipimwa n’ubuhinga bushasha bwo gupima umuco w’infrared vyari hagati ya miligarama 0,33 na 0,96 ku kilo (mg kg-1). 18 Icigwa cakozwe muri Sri Lanka carabonye ko urugero rwa melamine mu mata y’ifu ruri hagati ya 0,39 na 0,84 mg kg-1. Ikindi, ivyerekanwa vy’amavuta y’abana bava hanze vyari birimwo ivyitwa melamine vyinshi cane, ni ukuvuga 0,96 na 0,94 mg/kg. Ivyo bipimo biri munsi y’urugero rutegekanijwe (1 mg/kg), ariko porogarama yo kubikurikirana irakenewe kugira ngo abaguzi bagire umutekano. 19
Ivyigwa vyinshi vyasuzumye urugero rwa melamine mu bifungurwa vy’abana bato bo muri Irani. Nk’ibice 65 kw’ijana vy’ivyo bipimo vyarimwo melamine, ikaba yari 0,73 mg/kg, n’iyindi 3,63 mg/kg. Iyindi nyigisho yerekanye ko urugero rwa melamine mu mavuta y’abana ruri hagati ya 0,35 na 3,40 μg/kg, n’uko urugero rwa 1,38 μg/kg ruri hagati ya 1,38 μg/kg. Muri rusangi, ukubaho n’urugero rwa melamine mu mafunguro y’abana bato bo muri Irani vyasuzumwe mu nyigisho zitandukanye, aho ivyerekanwa bimwebimwe birimwo melamine birenze urugero rwo hejuru rwashizweho n’inzego zijejwe gucungera amategeko (2,5 mg/kg/ibifungurwa).
Turavye ukuntu amata y’ifu akoreshwa cane mu buryo butaziguye canke butaziguye mu bijanye n’ibifungurwa be n’akamaro kadasanzwe k’amata y’inzoya mu kugaburira abana, iki cigwa cari kigamije kwemeza uburyo bwo kumenya melamine mu mata y’ifu n’amata y’inzoya. Nkako, intumbero ya mbere y’iyi nyigisho yari iyo gutegura uburyo bwihuta, bworoshe kandi butagiramwo uburyarya bwo kumenya ivyerekeye ukuntu melamine ihinduwe mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo kumenya amazi (HPLC) n’ubuhinga bwo kumenya umuco w’izuba (UV); Ica kabiri, intumbero y’iyi nyigisho yari iyo kumenya urugero rwa melamine ruri mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu agurishwa ku isoko ry’i Irani.
Ivyo bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima melamine biratandukanye bivanye n’aho ibiribwa bikorerwa. Uburyo bwo gupima HPLC-UV bufise ubushobozi kandi bwizigirwa bwakoreshejwe mu gupima ibisigazwa vya melamine mu mata no mu mavuta y’abana. Ivyokurya biva ku mata birimwo poroteyine n’ibinure bitandukanye bishobora gutuma umuntu adashobora gupima melamine. Ni co gituma nk’uko vyavuzwe na Sun n’abandi. 22, ingamba zo gusukura zibereye kandi zikora neza ni ngombwa imbere y’uko hakorwa isesengura ry’ibikoresho. Muri iki cigwa, twakoresheje amayunguruzo y’inshinge zikoreshwa rimwe gusa. Muri iki cigwa, twakoresheje inking ya C18 kugira ngo dutandukanye melamine iri mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu. Igishushanyo ca 1 kirerekana igishushanyo c’ibara ry’umubiri kugira ngo umuntu amenye melamine. Ikindi, ugusubirana kw’ibipimo birimwo 0.1–1.2 mg/kg ya melamine kwari hagati ya 95% na 109%, ingano y’ugusubira inyuma yari y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), n’ugukevya kw’imirongo (RSD) kwari kuva kuri 2% gushika kuri 0 %. Amakuru ariho yerekana ko ubwo buryo ari ubwo kwizigirwa mu rwego rw’ivyigwa vyigwa (Imbonerahamwe 1). Igitigiri c’ibikoresho vy’ugutahura (LOD) n’igitigiri c’ugupima (LOQ) ca melamine cari 1 μg mL−1 na 3 μg mL−1, hakurikijwe. Ikindi, umuco w’izuba (UV) wa melamine werekanye umurongo w’ugufata ku 242 nm. Uburyo bwo kumenya ni ubw’agaciro, bwo kwizigirwa kandi buratagira amahinyu. Ubwo buryo burashobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya urugero rwa melamine mu buryo busanzwe.
Ivyo nyene vyavuyemwo vyasohowe n’abanditsi benshi. Uburyo bwo gupima amazi bukora neza cane (HPLC) bwateguwe kugira ngo hasuzumwe melamine iri mu bifungurwa biva ku mata. Ivyo bipimo vyo hasi vyari 340 μg kg−1 ku mata y’ifu na 280 μg kg−1 ku mavuta y’abana ku 240 nm. Filazzi n’abandi. (2012) bavuze ko melamine itabonetse mu mavuta y’abana bato biciye ku buhinga bwa HPLC. Ariko rero, 8% vy’ibipimo vy’amata y’ifu vyari birimwo melamine ku rugero rwa 0,505–0,86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet n’abandi bakoze inyigisho nk’iyo maze bamenya ko melamine iri mu mazi y’abana (umubare w’akarorero: 72) hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo gupima uburemere bw’amazi (HPLC-MS/MS) ko ari hafi 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. Mu cigwa cakozwe na Venkatasamy n’abandi. (2010), uburyo bw’ubuhinga bw’ivyatsi (ata acetonitrile) n’ubuhinga bw’amazi bukora cane (RP-HPLC) vyakoreshejwe kugira ngo hagereranijwe melamine iri mu mavuta y’abana n’amata. Igitigiri c’ivyo bihimba vyari kuva kuri 1,0 gushika kuri 80 g/mL kandi inyishu yari umurongo (r > 0,999). Ubwo buryo bwarerekanye ko hariho ugusubirana kwa 97,2–101,2 ku rugero rw’ivyiyumviro rwa 5–40 g/mL kandi ubushobozi bwo kuvyara bwari munsi ya 1,0% y’ugukevya kw’itegeko. Ikindi kandi, LOD na LOQ vyabonetse vyari 0,1 g mL−1 na 0,2 g mL−124, uko bikurikirana. Lutter n’abandi. (2011) bamenye ko melamine ishobora kwanduzwa n’amata y’inka n’amata y’abana bakoresheje ubuhinga bwa HPLC-UV. Ivyiyumviro vya melamine vyari hagati ya < 0.2 na 2.52 mg kg−1. Uburyo bwa HPLC-UV bwari 0,05 gushika kuri 2,5 mg kg−1 ku mata y’inka, 0,13 gushika kuri 6,25 mg kg−1 ku mata y’abana afise igice c’uburemere bwa poroteyine <15%, na 0,25 gushika kuri 12,5 mg kg−1 ku mata y’abana bato. Ivyiyumviro vya LOD (na LOQ) vyari 0,03 mg kg−1 (0,09 mg kg−1) ku mata y’inka, 0,06 mg kg−1 (0,18 mg kg−1) ku mavuta y’abana <15% y’amaproteine, na 0,12 mg kg−1 (0,36 mg y’ikimenyetso c’amavuta y’amavuta y’abana, 0,36 mg kg−1 ku mavuta y’amavuta y’abana 3 na 1025 ku bijanye na LOD na LOQ, uko bikurikirana. Dibesi n’abandi. (2012) baratohoje urugero rwa melamine mu bipimo vy’amata y’abana n’amata y’ifu bakoresheje ubuhinga bwa HPLC/DMD. Mu mavuta y’abana, urugero rwo hasi n’urwo hejuru rwari 9,49 mg kg−1 na 258 mg kg−1, uko bikurikirana. Igipimo co kumenya (LOD) cari 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid n’abandi. yavuze ko ibisigazwa vya melamine mu mavuta y’abana vyari hagati ya 0,002–2 mg kg−1 hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa Fourier bwo guhindura umuco w’izuba (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3,5 mg kg−1). Rezai n’abandi.27 bateye imbere uburyo bwa HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) bwo kugereranya melamine maze bashika ku LOQ ya 0.08 μg mL−1 ku mfuruka y’amata, yari hasi y’urugero rwabonetse muri iri koraniro. Izuba n’abandi. yashizeho ubuhinga bwa RP-HPLC-DAD bwo kumenya melamine mu mata y’amazi biciye mu gukuraho ibintu bikomeye (SPE). Baronse LOD na LOQ za 18 na 60 μg kg−128, zikaba zifise ubushobozi bwo gutahura cane kuruta inyigisho iriko irakorwa ubu. Montesano n’abandi. yemeje ko uburyo bwa HPLC-DMD bukora neza mu gupima ibirimwo melamine mu bifungurwa bifise poroteyine bifise urugero rwo gupima 0.05–3 mg/kg, rwari rufise ubushobozi buke kuruta uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri iri koraniro29.
Nta gukeka ko ama laboratwari y’isesengura afise uruhara runini mu kurinda ibidukikije mu kugenzura ibihumanya ibidukikije biri mu bipimo bitandukanye. Ariko rero, gukoresha ibikoresho vyinshi vyo gupima n’ivyo gusesangura mu gihe c’isesengura birashobora gutuma habaho ibisigazwa vy’akaga. Ni co gituma ubuhinga bwo gusesangura ivyatsi (GAC) bwateguwe mu mwaka w’2000 kugira ngo bugabanye canke bukure ingaruka mbi z’uburyo bwo gusesangura ku bakoresha no ku bidukikije26. Uburyo bwa kera bwo kumenya melamine harimwo ubuhinga bwa chromatography, ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi, ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi bw’imitsi, n’ubuhinga bwo kumenya melamine (ELISA) bwakoreshejwe kugira ngo umuntu amenye melamine. Ariko rero, mu buryo bwinshi bwo kumenya, ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi vyakwegereye abantu benshi kubera ubushobozi bwavyo bwo gutahura neza, guhitamwo, igihe co gusuzuma vyihuta, n’ibiranga umuntu akoresha neza30,31. Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa nano bikoresha inzira z’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo bikoreshe ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa nano, ivyo bikaba bishobora kugabanya ivyimburwa bitera akaga n’inguvu zikoreshwa, gutyo bikaba bitera imbere ugushirwa mu ngiro kw’imigenzo iramba. Nk’akarorero, nanocomposites zikozwe mu bikoresho bitagira ingaruka ku bidukikije, zirashobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho bipima ibidukikije kugira ngo zimenye ibintu nka melamine32,33,34.
Ico cigwa kirerekana ko ubuhinga bwo gukura amazi mu bice bikomeye (SPME) bukoreshwa neza kubera ko bukoresha inguvu nyinshi kandi bukaba buramba ugereranyije n’uburyo bwa kera bwo gukura amazi. Uko SPME idahungabanya ibidukikije n’inguvu zikoreshwa neza, bituma iba uburyo bwiza cane bwo gukura ibintu mu buryo bwa kera mu buhinga bwo gusesangura kandi itanga uburyo buramba kandi bukora neza bwo gutegura ivyerekanwa35.
Mu mwaka w’2013, Wu n’abandi. yashizeho igikoresho gishobora gutahura cane kandi gitoranya (mini-SPR) gikoresha ubufatanye buri hagati y’imiti irwanya melamine n’imiti irwanya melamine kugira ngo kimenye ningoga melamine iri mu mafunguro y’abana bato hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo gupima umubiri. Ico gikoresho ca SPR gifatanijwe n’igikoresho co gupima umubiri (gikoresheje albumine y’amaraso y’inka ihuriweko na melamine) ni ubuhinga bworoshe gukoresha kandi butazimvye, bufise urugero rwo kumenya 0,02 μg mL-136 gusa.
Nasiri na Abbasian bakoresheje igikoresho gishobora gutwara ibintu gifise ubushobozi bwinshi gifatanijwe n’ibintu bikorana n’ivyuma bita graphene oxide-chitosan (GOCS) kugira ngo bamenye melamine mu bipimo vy’ubudandaji37. Ubwo buryo bwarerekanye ko umuntu ashobora guhitamwo neza cane, akagira ukuri kandi akagira inyishu. Ico gikoresho ca GOCS cerekanye ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gutahura (239,1 μM−1), urugero rw’umurongo ruva kuri 0,01 gushika kuri 200 μM, urugero rw’ubucuti rudahinduka rwa 1,73 × 104, n’urugero rw’ubucuti rushika kuri 10 nM. Ikindi kandi, inyigisho yakozwe na Chandrasekhar n’abandi. mu 2024 yafashe uburyo bwo gukingira ibidukikije kandi butazimvye. Bakoresheje ivyatsi vy’amapapayi nk’ikintu kigabanya uburemere bw’ibintu kugira ngo bashobore gukora nanoparticules zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) mu buryo butagira ingaruka ku bidukikije. Hanyuma, harateguwe ubuhinga budasanzwe bwo gupima umuco w’ibintu bita micro-Raman kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine iri mu mavuta y’abana bato. ZnO-NPs zikomoka ku myanda y’uburimyi zarerekanye ubushobozi nk’igikoresho c’agaciro co gupima indwara n’ubuhinga bwo kwizigirwa kandi butazimvye bwo kugenzura no kumenya melamine38.
Alizade n’abandi. (2024) bakoresheje urubuga rwo guca ibibatsi rw’ivyuma n’ibinyabuzima (MOF) kugira ngo bamenye melamine iri mu mpumuro y’amata. Igitigiri c’umurongo n’igipimo co hasi c’ugutahura kw’igikoresho, vyamenyekanye hakoreshejwe 3σ/S, vyari 40 gushika kuri 396,45 nM (bingana na 25 μg kg−1 gushika kuri 0,25 mg kg−1) na 40 nM (bingana na 25 μg kg−1), hakurikijwe. Ivyo bipimo biri munsi cane y’ibipimo vy’ibisigazwa (MRLs) vyashizweho kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine mu mavuta y’abana (1 mg kg−1) n’ibindi bifungurwa/ibifungurwa (2,5 mg kg−1). Igikoresho co gupima umuco (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) cerekanye ko gishobora gupima neza cane kandi kikaba gifise ubushobozi bwo gupima neza kurusha HPLC39 mu gutahura melamine iri mu mpumuro y’amata. Biosensors na nanocomposites mu buhinga bw’ivyatsi ntivyongera gusa ubushobozi bwo kumenya ibintu ariko kandi biragabanya ingorane zishobora guterwa n’ibidukikije bihuye n’ingingo ngenderwako z’iterambere riramvye.
Ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuhinga bwa shimi y’ivyatsi vyakoreshejwe mu buryo butandukanye bwo kumenya melamine. Uburyo bumwe ni ugutegura uburyo bwo gukura ibintu bikomeye bikoreshwa mu gukura ivyatsi bitoto hakoreshejwe umuti witwa polar polymere β-cyclodextrin ufatanye n’aside citric kugira ngo haboneke neza melamine 40 mu bipimo nk’ibifungurwa vy’abana n’amazi ashushe. Ubundi buryo bukoresha ubuhinga bwa Mannich bwo kumenya melamine iri mu bipimo vy’amata. Ubu buryo ntibuzimvye, burabungabunga ibidukikije, kandi buratomoye cane, bufise urugero rw’umurongo rwa 0,1–2,5 ppm n’urugero ruto rwo kumenya 41. Ikindi kandi, uburyo buzimvye kandi bubungabunga ibidukikije bwo kumenya igitigiri c’ivyo bita melamine mu mata y’amazi ya Fo. spectroscopie n’ukuri gukomeye n’imipaka yo kumenya 1 ppm na 3,5 ppm, hakurikijwe 42. Ubwo buryo bwerekana ugukoresha ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuhinga bw’ivyatsi bitotahaye mu gutegura uburyo bwiza kandi buramba bwo kumenya melamine.
Ivyigwa vyinshi vyasavye uburyo bushasha bwo kumenya melamine, nk’ugukoresha uburyo bukomeye bwo gukuraho melamine n’ubuhinga bwo gupima amazi bukora cane (HPLC)43, hamwe n’ubuhinga bwo gupima amazi bukora cane (HPLC), budasaba gukoresha ibintu bikomeye imbere y’ugutera imbere canke gukoresha ion-pair reducing reagents the amoste of4. Ubwo buryo ntibutanga gusa ibisubizo vy’ukuri vyo kumenya melamine iri mu bikomoka ku mata, ariko kandi burahuye n’ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuhinga bw’ivyatsi, bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti itera akaga kandi bikagabanya ingaruka rusangi ku bidukikije z’igikorwa co gusesangura.
Ivyitegererezo mirongo ine vy’imigwi itandukanye vyageragejwe mu bice bitatu, kandi ivyo vyavuyemwo birerekanwa mu ndome ya 2. Igitigiri ca melamine mu vyitegererezo vy’amata y’abana n’amata y’ifu vyari hagati ya 0,001 na 0,004 mg/kg no kuva kuri 0,001 gushika kuri 0,095 mg/kg, uko bikurikirana. Nta mpinduka zikomeye zabonetse hagati y’imyaka itatu y’amavuta y’abana. Ikindi, melamine yabonetse mu 80% vy’amata y’ifu, ariko 65% vy’amata y’abana batoyi vyari vyandujwe na melamine.
Ivyo bita melamine biri mu mata y’ifu y’inganda vyari vyinshi kuruta ivyo mu mata y’abana, kandi itandukaniro ryari rikomeye (p<0.05) (Ishusho 2).
Ivyo vyavuyemwo vyari munsi y’imipaka yashizweho na FDA (munsi ya 1 na 2,5 mg/kg). Ikindi, ivyo vyavuyemwo bihuye n’imipaka yashizweho na CAC (2010) na EU45,46, ni ukuvuga ko umupaka wemerewe ari 1 mg kg-1 ku mavuta y’abana na 2,5 mg kg-1 ku biva ku mata.
Dushingiye ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2023 na Ghanati n’abandi.47, melamine iri mu bwoko butandukanye bw’amata yashizwe mu bipapuro muri Irani yari hagati ya 50.7 na 790 μg kg−1. Ivyo bavuyemwo vyari munsi y’urugero FDA yemerera. Ivyo twabonye biri hasi y'ivyo Shoder n'abandi bavuze.48 na Rima n'abandi.49. Shoder n’abandi. (2010) basanze urugero rwa melamine mu mata y’ifu (n=49) rwamenyekanye hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa ELISA ruri hagati ya 0,5 na 5,5 mg/kg. Rima n’abandi. yasuzumye ibisigarira vya melamine biri mu mpumuro y’amata biciye ku buhinga bwo gupima umuco w’izuba maze asanga melamine iri mu mpumuro y’amata ari 0,72–5,76 mg/kg. Icigwa cakozwe muri Canada mu mwaka w’2011 kugira ngo hakurikiranwe urugero rwa melamine mu mavuta y’abana (n=94) hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo gupima amazi (LC/MS). Ivyiyumviro vy’ivyo bita melamine vyabonetse ko biri munsi y’urugero rwemewe (urugero rw’intango: 0,5 mg kg−1). Ntibishoboka ko urugero rw’ubuhendanyi rwa melamine rwabonetse rwari ubuhinga bwakoreshejwe mu kwongerera poroteyine. Ariko rero, ntibishobora gusigurwa n’ugukoresha ifumbire, ukwimurira ibintu biri mu bikoresho canke ibindi bisa n’ivyo. Ikindi kandi, aho melamine iri mu mfuruka y’amata yinjizwa muri Canada ntiyamenyekanye50.
Hasani n’abandi. yapimye igitigiri c’ivyuma bita melamine biri mu mata y’ifu n’amata y’amazi kw’isoko ry’i Irani mu 2013, maze asanga ibintu bisa n’ivyo. Ivyo vyavuyemwo vyerekanye ko uretse ubwoko bumwe bw’amata y’ifu n’amata y’amazi, ibindi bipimo vyose vyari vyandujwe n’ivyo bita melamine, bikaba vyari bifise urugero ruva kuri 1,50 gushika kuri 30,32 μg g−1 mu mata y’ifu n’urugero rwa 0,11 gushika kuri 1,48 μg ml−1 mu mata. Ikizwi n’uko aside cyanurique ata n’imwe muri izo nkuru zabonetse, ivyo bikaba vyagabanya ubushobozi bwo guterwa n’ubumara bwa melamine ku baguzi. 51 Ivyigwa vya kera vyasuzumye ingene melamine iri mu bifungurwa vy’isokoroti birimwo ifu y’amata. Nk’ibice 94 kw’ijana vy’ibipimo vyava hanze n’ibice 77 kw’ijana vy’ibipimo vya Irani vyarimwo melamine. Igitigiri ca melamine mu bipimo vyavuye hanze cari hagati ya 0,032 na 2,692 mg/kg, mu gihe ico mu bipimo vya Irani cari hagati ya 0,013 na 2,600 mg/kg. Muri rusangi, melamine yabonetse muri 85% vy’ibipimo, ariko ni ikimenyetso kimwe gusa c’umwihariko cari gifise urugero rurengeye urugero rwemerewe.44 Tittlemier et al. yavuze ko melamine iri mu mata y’ifu kuva kuri 0,00528 gushika kuri 0,0122 mg/kg.
Imbonerahamwe ya 3 ivuga mu ncamake ibivuye mu gusuzuma ingaruka z’imigwi itatu y’imyaka. Ico kibazo cari munsi ya 1 mu myaka yose. Gutyo, nta ngorane zidatera kanseri ziterwa n’ivyo bita melamine biri mu mavuta y’abana.
Ivyiyumviro bikeyi vy’ubwandu mu biva mu mata bishobora kuba biterwa n’uko bihumanye ata co bigamije mu gihe c’ugutegura, mu gihe ivyimburwa vyinshi bishobora kuba bivuye ku vyongeweko bigamije. Ikindi kandi, ingorane rusangi ku buzima bw’umuntu ziterwa n’ukurya ibintu biva mu mata birimwo melamine nkeyi zibonwa ko ari ntoyi. Bishobora gushika ku ciyumviro c’uko kurya ibintu birimwo mwene iyo melamine bikeyi ataco bitera ku buzima bw’abaguzi52.
Turavye akamaro ko gucungera umutekano w’ibifungurwa mu bijanye n’amata, cane cane mu bijanye no kurinda ubuzima bwa bose, birahambaye cane gutegura no kwemeza uburyo bwo gupima no kugereranya urugero rwa melamine n’ibisigazwa biri mu mata y’ifu n’amata y’abana. Uburyo bworoshe kandi butagiramwo uburyarya bwo gupima umuco w’izuba (HPLC-UV spectrophotometric) bwateguwe kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine iri mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu. Ubwo buryo bwaremejwe kugira ngo bube ubwo kwizigirwa kandi bube ubw’ukuri. Ivyo gutahura no gupima ivyiyumviro vy’ubwo buryo vyerekanwa ko bifise ubushobozi bwo gupima urugero rwa melamine mu mavuta y’abana n’amata y’ifu. Dushingiye ku makuru yacu, melamine yarabonetse mu bipimo vyinshi vy’abanya Irani. Ivyiyumviro vyose vyabonetse vy’uko hariho melamine vyari munsi y’imipaka yemerewe yashizweho na CAC, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko kurya ubwo bwoko bw’ibikomoka ku mata bitagira ingorane ku buzima bw’umuntu.
Ivyo bikoresho vyose vyakoreshejwe vyari vy’urugero rwo gusesangura: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% vy’isuku (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba vy’agaciro ka HPLC (Merck, i Darmstadt, mu Budagi); amazi asukuye cane (i Milipore, i Morfheim, mu Bufaransa). Ivyuma biyungurura inshinge zikoreshwa rimwe gusa (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, uburebure bw’ibihengeri 0,45 μm, uburebure bw’uruzitiro 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Ubudage).
Mu gutegura ivyo bipimo, hakoreshejwe igikoresho co kwoga gikoresheje amajwi (Elma, mu Budagi), igikoresho co gupima amazi (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, mu Budagi) be n’igikoresho co gupima amazi (HPLC) (KNAUER, mu Budagi).
Hakoreshejwe igikoresho citwa chromatographe c’amazi gikora cane (KNAUER, mu Budagi) gifise igikoresho co gutahura umuco w’izuba (UV). Ivyo gusesangura HPLC vyari ibi bikurikira: hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa UHPLC Ultimate bufise inking y’isesengura ODS-3 C18 (4,6 mm × 250 mm, ubunini bw’ibice 5 μm) (MZ, Ubudage). Ivyo bikoresho vya HPLC (igice gigendagenda) vyari ikivange ca TFA/methanol (450:50 mL) gifise urugero rw’uruja n’uruza rwa 1 mL min-1. Uburebure bw’umuvuduko wo kumenya bwari 242 nm. Igitigiri c’urushinge cari 100 μL, ubushuhe bw’inkingi bwari 20 °C. Kubera ko igihe umuti umara ari kirekire (iminota 15), urushinge rukurikira rukwiye guterwa haciye iminota 25. Melamine yamenyekanye mu kugereranya igihe co kuguma mu mubiri n’isonga ry’umuco w’izuba (UV) ry’ibipimo vya melamine.
Igisubizo gisanzwe c’ivyuma bita melamine (10 μg/mL) carateguwe hakoreshejwe amazi, hanyuma kibikwa muri frigo (4 °C) kure y’umuco. Dilute umuti w’ububiko n’igice gigendagenda maze utegure umuti w’ububiko ukora. Igisubizo cose gisanzwe caraterwa muri HPLC incuro 7. Ingano y’ugupima 10 yaharuwe hakoreshejwe isesengura ry’ugusubira inyuma ry’uburebure bw’isonga bwagenwe n’uburemere bwagenwe.
Ifu y’amata y’inka iboneka mu maduka (ivyitegererezo 20) n’ivyitegererezo vy’ubwoko butandukanye bw’amata y’inka y’abana (ivyitegererezo 20) vyaguzwe mu maduka manini manini yo mu karere no mu ma farmasi yo muri Irani kugira ngo bigaburirwe abana b’imyaka itandukanye (amezi 0–6, amezi 6–12 n’ubushuhe bwa fried > amezi 200). °C) gushika aho isesengurwa. Hanyuma, 1 ± 0,01 g y’ifu y’amata y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu y’impuzu (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). Ivyo bivanze vyaravuguruwe iminota 1, hanyuma bivugwa mu gikarabiro c’amajwi y’ivyuma mu minota 30, hanyuma bica bivuguruzwa iminota 1. Ivyo bivanze vyaciye bishirwa mu gitereko c’amazi ku 9000 × g mu minota 10 ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba, hanyuma ivyo bivanze bica bicungururwa mu gitereko c’amazi c’imililitiro 2 hakoreshejwe akayunguruzo k’inshinge ka 0,45 μm. Ivyo biyunguruwe (250 μl) vyaciye bivangwa n’amazi (750 μl) hanyuma biterwa ku nzira ya HPLC10,42.
Kugira ngo twemeze uburyo, twabonye ukuntu bushobora gusubirana, ukuntu butagiramwo amahinyu, ukuntu bushobora kumenya neza (LOD), ukuntu bushobora gupima (LOQ), n’ukuntu bushobora gukoreshwa neza mu gihe hari ibintu vyiza. LOD yasobanuwe nk’ibirimwo ivyerekanwa bifise uburebure bw’isonga incuro zitatu urugero rw’urusaku rw’intango. Ku rundi ruhande, ibirimwo ivyerekanwa bifise uburebure bw’isonga incuro 10 z’igipimo c’ikimenyetso n’ijwi vyasobanuwe ko ari LOQ.
Inyishu y’ico gikoresho yamenyekanye hakoreshejwe umurongo w’ugupima ugizwe n’ibiharuro indwi. Hakoreshejwe ibintu bitandukanye birimwo melamine (0, 0,2, 0,3, 0,5, 0,8, 1 na 1,2). Ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho umurongo w’uburyo bwo kubara melamine. Vyongeye, ku bipimo vy’ubusa vyari vyongeweko ingero zitandukanye z’ivyo bita melamine. Igiharuro c'ugupima cakozwe mu gutera 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 y'umuti w'ivyatsi bimenyerewe mu mata y'abana n'amata y'ifu n'amata yayo R2 = 0.9925. Ugutahura kwasuzumwe biciye ku gusubiramwo no gusubiramwo uburyo bwo gukora kandi vyashitsweko mu gutera ivyerekanwa ku musi wa mbere no ku musi utatu wakurikiye (mu bice bitatu). Ugusubiramwo kw’ubwo buryo kwasuzumwe mu kubara RSD % ku bipimo bitatu bitandukanye vy’ivyongeweko melamine. Ivyigwa vyo gukira vyarakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ukuntu vyari vyifashe neza. Urugero rw’ugukira hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukura rwaharuwe ku rwego rutatu rw’ivy’ibara ry’umubiri (0.1, 1.2, 2) mu bipimo vy’amata y’abana n’amata yumye9,11,15.
Ivyo umuntu afata ku musi (EDI) vyamenyekanye hakoreshejwe uburyo bukurikira: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Aho Ci ari umubare w’ivyuma bita melamine, Cc ni amata umuntu arya, BW na yo ni uburemere bw’abana.
Isesengurwa ry’amakuru ryakozwe hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa SPSS 24. Ubusanzwe bwageragejwe hakoreshejwe ikigeragezo ca Kolmogorov-Smirnov; amakuru yose yari ibipimo bitagira amaparametiri (p = 0). Ni co gituma hakoreshejwe ikigeragezo ca Kruskal-Wallis n’ikigeragezo ca Mann-Whitney kugira ngo hamenyekane itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’imigwi.
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